【 Weak current college 】 cost effective control

Cost management is the management and administration of any necessary work undertaken by the means of achieving the lowest cost predetermined quantity and quality. Whereas the application of cost control refers to the various methods of cost accounting, mainly due to cost limits, according to limit spending costs to actual costs and cost limits, measure business activity and performance, and effects, and exception management principles correct unfavourable variances to improve productivity and achieve equal to or lower than the expected cost limit.
Cost control is the basic way to increase the profitability of the enterprise and outside pressure resistance, the main security survive. An enterprise's cost control system including enterprise organization system, business information systems, Enterprise appraisal system and Enterprise incentive system, etc four basic content.
1. corporate organization system
In an enterprise organization, usually will target is divided into several child targets, and specify a subordinate unit responsible for completion. Each target can be divided into many of the more specific objectives, and shall specify the next level of departments to complete. Enterprise organizational structure can be used to manage grades and management by the two indicators to describe. Management level is the most advanced units and the lowest level among grade; manage range is also known as control span refers to a number of their subordinate units. Organisation of a major problem is dealing with the relationship between centralization and decentralization. In a highly centralized organization, power is concentrated in higher management levels, lower-level managers have little decision-making power. In an enterprise, the power may also be in a functional areas within the
Highly concentrated, and other functional areas in the highly fragmented. In General, financial and personnel are highly concentrated areas and business areas are moving toward a decentralized model of development.
Cost control system must adapt to the organizational structure of enterprises, namely enterprises budget is classified by the number of child budget, each child budget represents a partial, workshop, Department or other units of the financial plan. The costs associated with this control, such as record actual data, the control report is divided into small units, thus forming a responsible budget and responsibilities of the accountant.
2. the enterprise information system
Cost control of another component of enterprise information system, which is the responsibility of the accounting system. Responsibility for the accounting system is part of the enterprise's accounting system, responsible for metrology, transmission and reporting cost control use of information. Responsibilities include accounting system is mainly responsible for budget, accounting budget implementation, analysis and evaluation and reporting of results for the three parts.
Typically Enterprise making sales, respectively manufacturing, cost, financial, and other budget. This budget main areas as management to implement an organization's overall budget. In order to facilitate control, you must individually examine the performance of the various holders, this requires the control responsibility center to break the budget. This work is the responsibility of budget preparation, its purpose is to enable each responsibility centre managers identify their responsible matters and shall control. Before the start of the actual business, responsible for budget and other control standard to release to the relevant personnel, they take control of their own activities. On the actual cost, revenue and profits, as well as the amount of money, etc., to responsibility centre brings together and classification. In accounting, to reduce the transfer of responsibility, when allocating common costs shall be the responsibility vested in the choice of appropriate methods of allocation. Between the various units to provide products or services, to develop appropriate internal transfer prices to the benefit of a separate assessment of their performance, and report on the implementation of the budget.
At the end of the budget shall prepare the annual report, comparison of budget and actual implementation, analysis of variance and accountability. In addition, exception reporting, is not provided for in the budget and budget limits, to promptly to the appropriate management level reports to make decisions in a timely manner.
3. Enterprise appraisal system
Enterprise appraisal system is cost control system to work. Its main elements are:
① provisions represent general responsibility center goals. It was a category of responsibility centres, may be the sales, controllable costs, net profit or return on investment. Necessary to determine the number of times the target level of scale, such as market share, defective rate, possession of funds limits, etc.
② the central objective of the measure provided for liability of connotation of explanation. For example, what is the sales, gross sales or deduction of discounts and discount of net sales. As standard, the definition of its meaning must be very clear in advance to avoid the ambiguity arising from the specific implementation.
③ provides performance review standard measurement method. For example, cost sharing, mutual how labor and product use internal transfer prices, using the historical cost or replacement cost, etc., are to provide specific calculations.
④ provisions adopted budget standards. For example, the use of fixed or flexible budget is loose or tight budgets, budget use the various constants.
⑤ provides performance reports of content, time, level of detail.
4. corporate rewards
Enterprise incentive systems is maintaining cost control system for effective operation of the guarantee. People work effort by the performance evaluation and incentive schemes. Responsibility centre managers tend to concentrate on the performance evaluation of the work, especially performance can affect the incentives of the section. Therefore, the incentive can motivate more diligent work.
Incentives should be clearly defined in the system of incentives that have been examination departments and personnel know performance and reward, know what kind of performance will be what kind of awards. Appropriate incentive system will encourage their employees to their own behavior into the enterprise overall objective consistent track, to strive for better performance.
Cost control of basic programs including cost standards, cost variance analysis, performance measurement and reward and so on. Establishing a cost control standards, is an important aspect of it for later analysis, performance review and correct the difference provided a good basis. Cost control standards can have a variety of options, more commonly have standard costs and flexible budget.
1. the standard cost >
Standard costs through precise investigation, analysis and measurement technology, used to evaluate the actual cost, measure the efficiency of a projected costs.
In the standard cost, basic exclusion should not occur, it is considered a "should cost". Standard costs reflect the objectives and requirements of enterprises, mainly used to measure products manufacturing process efficiency and control costs, and can also be used for the valuation of inventory and cost of goods sold.
The cost of standard setting, usually to determine direct materials and direct labour costs and, secondly, to determine the cost of manufacturing costs of the standards, the finalization of the standard cost per product. Either a cost item, you need to identify their dosage standard and price multiplied by the standard, both derived from cost standards. Usage standards including material consumption per product, per product of direct labor hours, etc, is mainly composed of production technology Department Chair, absorption standards implementation in departments and employees.
Prices include raw material price and hourly wage rates, hours overhead rates, by the accounting department and other relevant departments to analyze. The Procurement Department is responsible of material prices, the human resources department and the production sector on hourly rate. The workshop on hours of manufacturing overhead rates assume responsibility in the development of prices for standard time to consult with these departments.
2. flexible budgets
The so-called flexible budget, is the enterprise cannot accurately predict the volume of cases, depending on the quantity and profit between regular relationship,

According to a series of business volume level of the budget is scalability. As long as these relations, flexible budget can last a long time, you do not have to repeat every month. Flexible budget is mainly used for various indirect costs, some enterprises can also be used for profit budgets. Compared with a fixed budget, the budget is based on a flexible series of their volume levels, thus expanding the scope of the budget; in elasticity estimates, both actual business volume reached what level, are applicable to a set of cost data to play the role of control. At the same time, flexible budget is based on the cost of different morphological categories listed for easy calculation of the expected "at the end of the actual volume of the budget costs" (that is, according to the actual volume calculation should achieve cost level), the implementation of the budget and the establishment of evaluation and evaluation in a more practical and comparable basis.
Flexible budget main use is as control costs and evaluation, examination of cost control performance tools. At the beginning of the budget period, provides control of the data needed to cost; at the end of the budget period, can be used for evaluation and assessment of actual cost. Preparation of the basic steps of elastic budget is: select the business volume calculation units; determine the applicable business scope; itemized analysis and determine the cost and quantity of traffic; the relationship between the calculation of the estimated cost, with a certain expression.
① prepare flexible budget, to choose one of the most representative of the sector of production and operation of the business unit level. For example, to manually operated main shop, should use manual work; making of a single product or parts of the sector, you can use real numbers; manufacture various products or parts of the sector, you can choose manual or machine work; repair departments can choose directly a repairman.
② flexible budget business volume range, depending on the enterprise or sector of the volume change of circumstances, but be sure to make the actual volume does not exceed the established range. In General, you can determine the normal production capacity of 70 per cent — 110 per cent, or to the history of the highest volume and lowest business volume for the upper and lower limits.
③ elasticity estimates or low quality level to a large extent depends on cost analysis of the degree of precision. The so-called proterty, refers to the total cost to the business volume dependencies, when traffic changes, costs have different behavior, can roughly be classified into fixed costs, variable cost and the cost of these three types of mixed. Fixed costs are not affected by the cost of their impact; variable cost is with traffic growth is not in direct proportion to the costs. Mixed cost between fixed and variable cost, and ultimately can be broken down into fixed and variable cost in two parts. In this way, all of the costs can be broken down into fixed and variable cost these two parts.
④ elasticity estimates of expressions you can use the list method (multiple levels) and formula method. Use the list method, determine the extent of business volume, partition out several different levels, and then calculate the budgeted cost of work performed, including a budget summary table. Formula method followed by the principle that any costs can be divided into fixed and variable cost, y = ax + b, so long as listed in the budget of the fixed costs and unit costs of change, at any time using a formula to calculate either the budgetary cost of the business volume x y.
Cost control and auxiliary materials management in general there has not been effectively control, budget release is not timely, the cost is not effectively controlled,. fixed asset efficiency low, not paying attention to cost analysis, production progress control is not strict. Because of some enterprises of industry characteristics, makes the production period longer, in the production process, because the "people" of subjective factors lead to delays in the production phase, resulting in depreciation, wages, management increases, material loss, making the product cost increase. To address the cost control issues, strengthen cost control, you must take the following measures:
Guarantee product quality, guarantee period. In respect of a product, quality, production and efficiency are the contradictions of opposites. Quality is the prerequisite for enterprises in the fierce market competition to maintain sustainable development, the invincible, but production period and benefit also be dispensed with. If only in order to deliberate pursuit of quality, and production and efficiency, the enterprise will also append missing profits funds resulted in development of insufficiency, eventually leading to atrophy and bankruptcy. Therefore in the development of a product's production programme, to carry out scientific feasibility and the economic analysis, which would be the first to achieve product cost forecasts, plans for the future of effective control to premise security. Some enterprises often simply focus on better and faster, for less than the savings are often taken into account at all costs to invest a lot of manpower and material resources increases costs, resulting in a waste. Therefore, the establishment of reasonable product designTo develop a set of science and technology programmes, so that the quality and efficiency to achieve the best balance, is a necessary condition for product cost controlling.
Production period is a limited time, resources, and cost control have a specific value, i.e. the value of the "production" phase. On product, product quality, cost and production stage are the three main lines of production management and production period is reasonable direct impact on product quality and cost, therefore, costs management time management is very important. Therefore, reasonable arrangement of the production period, reaching maximum shrinkage production period, will reduce production costs, help an organization achieve better economic efficiency.
Based on the purchase cost component of the plan to develop raw material prices; if the purchase price, shipping fees, reasonable wear and tear, the way into the library before the selected arrangement fee. In order to reduce the material procurement costs, improve quality, procurement shall be published in the various links on strengthening cost concept, strengthen supervision and management to purchase high quality low priced products, avoid materials procurement process management vulnerability and unnecessary waste, material procurement personnel assume responsibility for reducing procurement costs.
In production management, material quality, the number of control, we must strengthen the material management workshop and do so in a clear, useful functions. Receiving materials, management personnel according to the production plan amount on the used material quantity production workers to monitor and take effective Super fine, Festival award measures to mobilize its initiative to reduce the use of the materials for receipt and vulnerabilities in order to save the content.
To cost control as the main line, forecasting, planning, controlling, accounting for one-stop management costs by cost management is an integrated production management, production management reflected often is to shop as accounting units, this requires the workshop staff must strengthen cost concept, production of profit and loss responsibility. Production management level are reflected in all aspects of production management, this will require strengthening the various links. In the business management in information sharing, and with the actual conduct of the business, cost analysis, profit/loss exceptions promptly find reasons to be corrected.
In General, the production process is a dynamic process of inputs and outputs, only make full use of modern methods of cost control, comprehensive, timely, accurate and effective cost control, good products to achieve profit maximization and cost minimization of goals, increase of social and economic benefits. Reference documents:
1. summer wide clouds. the strategic cost management "Lixin accounting press, 2000.10
2. Mao China. " The modern market economy cost control new concept "the financial Digest 2002.02
3. weekly Pernia. " Costs of management of the new mentality "of the statistics and decision making on 2005.10

【 Weak current College 】 buildings civil engineering structure on the influence of elevator

Buildings civil engineering structure on the elevator of with the development of the times, the elevator as modern buildings is an indispensable means of transport, its important role in increasing people's attention. Elevator choice configuration is reasonable in the entire building traffic conditions have a major impact, Elevator choice configuration on buildings are important. On the Select configuration elevator decisive is the building of civil engineering structures. Because of the buildings once completed, it will be very difficult to carry out larger changes in building design, should take full account of how to meet all of the selected parameters of the lift.
So what is decided we choose to configure the key elevator? we believe that there are the following.
1 elevator shafts top height and depth of the abyss
Top height of pit depth is the key to choosing the elevator speed. The height of the elevator car dimensions, higher rated speed will require higher top height. Top height requirement is by GB7588-1995 in 5.7. That is: (1) when the full pressure in the buffer, 1) cabin guide can provide not less than 0.1 + 0.035v2 (m) of guided tour; 2) car top maintenance plane above must have 1.0 + 0.035v2 (m) of space; 3) the minimum part well road roof and boots, DRAY attachments, vertical sliding door beams or part is not less than the distance between 0.1 + 0.035v2 (m), to car top equipment distance not less than 0.3 + 0.035v2 (m); 4) cabin above should have a 0.5m×0.6m×0.8m space. (2) when the car is fully pressure in the buffer, the guide can provide not less than 0.1 + 0.035v2 (m) of the guided tour.
Visible, the main influence on the top floor height is the total height of the cabin. Since the company car height comparable to basic, on the top floor height requirements. We often have top level height in 3.7 ~ 3.8m around the wells road, such height without treatment is unable to install an elevator. Finally, had to lower the elevator of rated speed or the top level of the escalator down one level, at the expense of a service layer approach to compensate for the lack of top height. The price is very large. At the same time, if you take a layer service layer method, then the height of the top level after reconstruction will be very high (more than 6m), wasted a lot of space. Of course, if the building top floor height, but the room height is high, we can hit the roof off well road, some wells road, protruding into the engine room the access needs of top height. But this will not only work volume is large, and often room height is also difficult to meet the requirements.
By the same token, the pit depth design also must meet GB7588-1995. Simply: when the car is fully pressure in the buffer, the (1) there shall be a pit 0.5m×0.6m×1.0m space; (2) the pit bottom to import boots, safety clamp, the distance between the door parts should not be less than 0.1m, to car parts other than 0.5m distance. As regards the import boots, safety clamp, door parts of factors generally can meet, we can see the actual impact on pit depth lies: (1) the bumpers are fully compressed cabin car bottom bumps to the underside of the well road; (2) in the client-layer layer, the car into the pit and buffer height and empty leg of three. After analysis it is not difficult to find, this both will pit depth at a substantially reduced range: if excessive reduce buffer height, it is difficult to meet the requirements of the previous conditions; if excessive reduce empty distance, makes the latter conditions contrary to the national standard. We often run into this situation: in the pit depth is low customer to us asking if you can pit hole in the buffer is installed in the tunnel, in order to solve the problem. But no matter how buffer, when installed cabin full pressure in the buffer, the car bottom to pit bottom surface distance must conform to national standards, this is a "hard size". If the pit depth is too small; unable to meet the requirements, only down deep plough. But this quantity and needless to say, because most of the pit and the base are connected, not well also have an impact on the basis of the building. Another solution is to lower layer Hall door Department for a stage where the car on the steps that would make leveling need pit depth. But this will be end-storey, but also to the aesthetic appearance. Of course, if the pit depth more than the required size, could cause car empty distance beyond the national standard of allowed values. Not many in excess, we can increase the buffer base solution; if too much, only the backfill pit to the required depth.
This shows that the building design time should take fully into account the need to lift the top and bottom hole size, avoid size does not fit the embarrassing and difficult to remedy.
2 elevator shafts dimensions, shape and layout conditions
Elevator shafts and shape are the select key to lift the load. GB on while the dimensions of the elevator shaft road is not mandatory, but must load of the lift cabin area but there are clear limits. And because the factory products have their own car and wells road, building wells road size often determines the choice of type of elevator. There is no doubt that the same conditions, the greater the weight of the lift to download the required wells Road area. Some owners in order to minimise the building area, get greater value for money, often well Road area built very small. However, the elevator is required load capacity, it is clear that such a requirement is difficult to meet. As a result, either select a small load of the lift or existing wells road on the special design of the cabin. The former approach will affect the traffic conditions in buildings; then a solution can only in existing wells road dimension and the manufactures standard dimensions comparable to large can be effective, but also to pay a sum of cost of special design. In addition, smaller wells Road area in the elevator when the piston effect is noticeable, especially when selecting high-speed elevators. Piston effect it will increase the elevator runs the consumption of energy, on the one hand, it will also increase the lift of the running noise. Of course, is not to say that the larger the size of well road, the better. Well road size too big notBut it would be a waste to use area of a building, and sometimes as a manufacturer is unable to provide adequate rail bracket that will require building owners to wells in the need to install the Rails bracket place setting beam, to provide suitable well road, thus virtually increases construction costs. These are buildings designed to be fully taken into account.
Well road shape can also affect the choice of the elevator. Well is there in projection of beams and columns, and other structures, Wells road shape whether rules that will affect the effective area of well road. Overly complex wells road, smooth installation of the elevator would have a negative impact. We all know that due to the load-bearing, shaft road wall in the lower part and often high-rise section thickness. More to the top, well road wall's thickness is more thin. Such benefits first, you can reduce costs, and also can reduce the dead weight well road wall and on the basis of pressure, so there is a how to reduce the problem well road thickness. We often encounter from wells road, internal wall thickness reduction wells road, that is, well in size is changing, senior Department of wells road dimensions than the dimensions of the lower Office. This is the case, either because they do not understand the elevator installation, either in order to pursue further staircase Hall between tiers is a vertical continuous surface to achieve aesthetic purposes. Anyway, this will give the lift design and installation of additional trouble. In fact, if you are not so beautiful, because each layer-ladder Hall wall surface with its adjacent layers in the same vertical surfaces, stairs is not paid attention. So if, for the reasons given in appearance it is meaningless. But for Wells road within a different story, as well the change in size, had to install an elevator in multiple rail bracket. More importantly, if well road anterior (i.e., the side-staircase Hall) in well in direction changes, might bring greater trouble. As GB7588-1995 article "in 5.4.3.2 well road inner surface and cabin ground Ridge or cabin door frame or cabin door (door to sliding door means the most outer edge) horizontal distance between shall not be greater than 0.15m. "This lower well road when you meet with a thick-walled, national standard requirements to the top because however well road thickness in a directional wells road inside, causing the gaps smaller than national standard requirements. In this way, the most common remedy is equipped with protective NET. Anyway, have increased the difficulty of installing the elevator, also increases construction costs. Therefore, Wells road inner surface should ensure a continuous surface vertically, so that in the selection and installation of lifts is ideal. In addition, note the logging road area is not enough, you should select the kind of Elevator, consider corresponding wells road width, depth ratio. Generally speaking, the car's width and depth of large, passenger access lift is convenient, the car is beautiful, easy-to-decorate; on the contrary, to facilitate the transport of larger items (of course, the freight elevator, escalator, Elevator beds more should have its special cabin, Wells road shape). Therefore, Office building, Office building in front of elevator often choose one type and residential ladder because need often choose the latter type.
3 elevator shafts arrangement and structure
Elevator shafts arrangement and structure will also affect the configuration of the elevator, which in turn affect the whole of the traffic situation in buildings. If the same building is equipped with multiple wells road, then these shafts arrangement largely determine the elevator control. We all know, in order to improve the operating efficiency of Elevator, in setting more than one elevator is advised to use the control or group control. But if well road arrangement located potentially reduces lift operating efficiency, or simply unable to take control or group control these efficient control ways. For example, the same four wells road, opposite if side-by-side or, we can group control; if you back to arrange, then a maximum of 2 sets of control; if each separated by a distance or intermediate obstructions, I am afraid that we'll only be able to select a single control type. So then, Wells road arrangement on elevator choice configuration has to be ignored. So how should the elevator shaft road distribution? we believe to be possible to meet the building traffic flow needs. Generally, shafts should be as close as possible to a large flow of people. When set to set multiple elevators, consider using the control or group control, at this point, the distance between the well road should not be too large. Side-by-side arrangement of wells road distance does not exceed 8m, opposite arrangement should less than 6 m well road not suitable. Also, if you use more than one group charged with forms, side-by-side elevator number not more than 4, should consider adopting the opposite type of layout. At this point, the Office does not have a ladder posts etc but also bumps, avoid the elevator entrances and indentation.
Wells road structures are often the most overlooked. Well road structure on the elevator with optional effects mainly wells road strength meets the needs of the elevator. For pit bottom surface requirements bear force in GB7588-1995 Chapter 5 of note in the detailed calculations and Exposition design time can reference. In addition, there is a situation where many adjacent elevator to take common wells road, in the Middle-erecting steel well road rail bracket and barrier. Such benefits will undoubtedly be very apparent that not only reduces construction costs, reduces the pressure on the ground, but also can effectively reduce the elevator runs of piston effect. But in this series of interest, there is also a noticeable problems, this is the selection of the intermediate steel beams. Well road Middle-erecting steel beam are tasked with supporting Rails, its strength is able to guarantee that cannot be ignored. If insufficient strength of elevator steel beams at run time will occur larger fibrillation, resulting in increased vibration and noise of the elevator, and even safety clamp action is a security risk. If the building is completed, the intensity of the beam is insufficient and difficult to replace, then only the lower elevator rated speed and the load method to fill, but at the expense of transport capacity.
4-room and the Office of the ladder
Room location, dimensions can also affect elevator choice configuration. Room preferably well road above (except of course MRL), this room and the traction system force ideal, while room sufficiently effective area. The requirements for engine room area in GB7588-1995 's article 6.3.2.1 and GB10060-1993 of detailed in section 4.1.5. The main requirement is the maintenance of control cabinet space to guarantee enough. If the room size is too small, control cabinet no matter how placement is no guarantee that the control cabinet of space in line with national standards, then you can only expand room area or room built in multi-storied type, control cabinet is placed in the upper engine room, of course, the premise is that the room height high enough. In practice we also encounter this situation, sometimes room area and as well road, and cannot be extended, if you want to set the more layers, room height is insufficient. Finally had to sacrifice a service layer, the room down 1 layer, multi-layer structure, control cabinet installed in more and more layers, it is clear that this is the elevator at the expense of reducing the service layer.
Effective area in that room, also should ensure that the engine room to have sufficient height. As GB7588-1995 section 6.3.2.3 in elevator drive hosts rotating parts above should have not less than the vertical NET space 0.3m, room height depends on the selection of the elevator of the tractor and the total height of the installation components. Because the manufacturers have chosen traction machine, the design of the traction machine installation components are not the same, so it requires the height of the room also has some differences. This requires the design and construction in the engine room, you should give the reserve a sufficient lift height.
Of course, the engine room to host the elevator the traction system for dynamic loads, its intensity shall also be prefetch to guarantee. For room hosting requirements, the manufacturer will provide clear parameters for design.
-Staircase Hall on elevator configuration affects mainly reflected in the layout of the Office-ladder is reasonable. Hou staircase Hall itself as passengers waiting for the lift services, not only is the ladder provides sufficient space and should be able to enable people to easily understand the call of the elevator. Especially multiple control or group control of lift sharing-ladder Hall, this is especially important. Hou staircase Hall effect if exists in personnel action or understand the operation of the lift, this obstacle will definitely affect the efficiency of passenger access lift and may even lead to a control or group control. In addition, TNT Hall wells road side walls of the building structure would have on the elevator installation. At present, many wells road is a concrete structure, its interior must be reinforced. At design time, well road wall reinforcement often does not take into account the need for elevator installation. So in the elevator installation may cause trouble with reinforcement problem. For example, two adjacent wells road, where the interval wall and Hall door side well road intersection often set a concealed columns. If concealed columns very dense in the bar, and a brief distance from the wall surface, two elevators sharing button in the General and two Office locations in the middle of the door, you may receive when you install, call boxes and concealed columns reinforced interference. In practical engineering we encounter this situation, it is generally not possible to install call boxes and truncated concealed columns in the main bar, then you can only call box installed in the Office of departure from two doors Center location is not reinforced. But this "they must attack first" installation, will undoubtedly be on stand-by arrangement of beautiful staircase Hall.
These buildings on lift options configuration and installation possible effects on some views. To note that in building design is best able to pre-select the elevator, the reference to the requirements and elevator manufacturers, this opinion is the best. Of course, at present, China's construction market and elevator market, difficult first selected lift design, often on one side to erect a side selected lift, or even a tower was built after the elections to the elevator. This requires that in the absence of a clear choice of lift, in the design of buildings and the relevant part of the elevator, designers should reference a few representative of large elevator company to design of civil engineering samples. In order for the next elevator choice, configuration and installation of the building to pave the way to install corresponding elevator.

【 Weak current College 】 safe use of electricity and architectural lighting – section III building mine

Lightning is a natural phenomenon. Lightning is a thundercloud or between the discharge Earth thundercloud. Lightning has a devastating effect.
This section describes the common sense and Thunder and lightning. 　　Should acquire through learning, building mine classification, understand the composition of the lightning protection system, understand the structure of the lightning protection measures for lightning protection facilities maintenance requirements. First, the basics of lightning lightning damage there are two types of lightning directly stroke in a direct lightning strike on a building, called direct leiguo voltage or lightning. Another is the lightning caused by electromagnetic induction electrostatic induction or overvoltage, called induced voltage or lightning. Their characteristics are shown in the following table. Types of features direct lightning strike thundercloud directly on surface objects discharge, although lightning time is very short, only a few per to fractions of a second, but there are a lot of current adoption, up to 100 to 200kA, make a sharp rise in air temperature to Celsius 1 ~ 2 million degrees, strong shock wave, causing damage to the housing, human casualties.　　When the lightning current through a resistance or inductive objects, can produce a large voltage drop and induced voltage, damages insulation, spark, equipment damage, or even cause a fire, explosion, making harm to further expand the induced voltage or lightning over static induction is because building a thundercloud, buildings will the induction and thundercloud charge for live load on the contrary, the ground started thundercloud after discharge, in the discharge pathway in charge in and quickly, but the building at the top of the charge cannot sprang into the ground, forming a high potential, resulting in the building wire and metal equipment, metal pipe discharge, fire, explosion and personal injury Electromagnetic induction is when the lightning current through a metal body into the ground, forming a powerful magnetic field, near the metal conductor induces high potential, the conductor loop gap sparks II, civil buildings of lightning protection classification according to the building after being struck by the extent of the number of victims by lightning chance, as well as local lightning activity, that is, the importance of building and using properties, the possibility of occurrence of lightning incidents and consequences of the lightning protection requirements are divided into three categories.　　1. the first category of civilian buildings it lightning protection is of particular importance for the purpose of the State-level large buildings.　　2. the second type of lightning protection of civilian buildings it is important or personnel-intensive large buildings, as well as provincial key cultural relic protection of buildings and structures, 19 layer and above the height of residential buildings and other buildings of more than 50m. 3. the third category of lightning protection of civilian buildings ① number of lightning strikes in the calculation of buildings greater than or equal to, or exceeds 0.05 surveys confirm need lightning protection of buildings. ② the tallest buildings or in complex edge height more than buildings, 20m in lightning activity strongly area height above for 15m, lightning strike activity is relatively weak in its height above the 25m. ③ height exceeding 15m above the chimney, water towers, and other isolated building or structure, the lightning activity is relatively weak areas, and its height above for 20m. 　　④ history lightning hit areas or lightning more areas of the building. III. composition of lightning systems to as much as possible to reduce the damage caused by lightning, you need to install lightning protection equipment for buildings.　　The main building of the mine-used jieshan Qi such as lightning, lightning, lightning and the lightning, lightning through down lead, earthing device directly into the Earth. 1. jieshan jieshan qi is designed to accept a direct lightning strike of metal conductors. The main function is to receive the lightning current lead, through down lead and grounding device to the ground in relief, protection of buildings against lightning.
Jieshan protection range can be used to determine the roller ball method. Roller ball method is to hr for RADIUS of a sphere, lightning along the need to prevent the scroll position, when the ball touches only jieshan Qi (including being exploited as jieshan Qi's metal) or simply touch jieshan Qi and terrestrial (including contact with Earth and can withstand the lightning of metal), not touched on the need to protect the site, the section would be jieshan qi. Layout jieshan qi is available alone or in any combination. Protection range as shown in the figure below. ① lightning rod is the highest building of the ground, and the closest thunder clouds, because it and the Earth has a good electrical connection, it and the Earth have the same potential to enable lightning near space of electric field strength is relatively large, easily attract lightning Herald, so that the main discharge are concentrated into it, so that nearby objects than it low probability of being struck by lightning. Lightning lightning will not be able to actually cited, it makes its own mine more struck by lightning and the lightning protection from around. Due to lightning and Earth has good electrical connections, the earth energy quickly accumulated in charge delivered to thunderstorm clouds relief; or the thunderstorm clouds accumulated in charge of energy transfer to the Earth in relief, the lightning caused by overvoltage time greatly reduced, from a very large extent reduces the danger of lightning strikes. ② lightning conductor is the overhead of lightning rod is suspended at a height of grounding, and lightning rod. ③ Lightning zone is highlighted along the top of a building site of edge laying metal band as jieshan qi. ④ lightning network refers to the use of reinforced concrete structure reinforcement mesh for lightning protection.
Lightning rod is mainly used to protect outdoor transformer substation equipment, buildings and structures; lightning line is mainly used to protect the power lines; lightning, and lightning belt used to protect the building. 2. down lead down lead role is jieshan Qi and earthing devices connected together, constitute the lightning current pathway.　　In high-rise building with its columns or walls of main reinforcement as down lead, with the main structure by in-line solder-roof and jieshan connection. 3. earthing jieshan qi through down lead and Earth make good electrical connection device called grounding device.　　Grounding is grounding and grounding line. IV. building of lightning protection (1) basic lightning protection measures building mine mainly should prevent lightning, lightning and the lightning electric wave invasion of measures should be based on the actual site. ① the lightning prevention should be installed in various forms of jieshan qi. Can be installed independent of the lightning rod, in high-rise building on fitted with lightning, lightning network, etc. ② Lightning by coagulationClay roofing reinforcement down lead and earthing connection. For lightning protection request high buildings, you should use the lightning lightning network. ③ Lightning waves into the main part of the substation, the focus is on power transformers. Basic protection measures is in the high-voltage power line surge arresters for client-side installation. 　　Lightning protector should be as close as possible to install the grounding line transformer, with low voltage side of the transformer should be neutral and transformer casing joint together, and grounding connection. 2. lightning protection facilities maintenance in order to maintain a good lightning protection system to protect performance, should carry out regular checks for maintenance, in checking the maintenance of the following questions. ① jieshan Qi and arrester in any circumstances must guarantee reliable grounding. Grounding resistance should be less than 10W. ② the thunderstorm season each year, until the lightning protection system facilities, all the links for detailed inspection. If there is ground down lead serious corrosion (making the actual section decrease 30% above), should be replaced in a timely manner; have broken, loose shall immediately proceed to the welding or fastening; grounding resistance larger non-compliant should also take appropriate remedial measures (such as increase the earthing devices, etc.). ③ arrester shall in each year, thunderstorm season before conducting a test checks, performance does not meet the requirements should be replaced immediately. ④ After each time a large thunderstorm, shall promptly conduct a comprehensive inspection, see whether lightning discharges cause some connection point loose, broken or damaged, and shall immediately proceed to the appropriate repair.

【 Weak current College 】 indoor water test

First, multiple choice questions (alternate answer each question, only one adresses. ）
1. in General, the second floor of the building interior water-supply system for the required pressure () kPa.
A．80
B．100
C．120
D．150
　　　
2. building of water service pipe from the water balance and water supply reliability, preferably from the building () and does not allow the introduction of broken water Department.
A place close to the water pump.
B £ ® Office near the pool
C £ ® water consumption minimum Department
D £ ® the largest Office of water
　　 　
3. potable water service pipe and sewage discharge pipe pipe of horizontal distance shall be not less than () m.
A．0.4
B．0.6
C．0.8
D．1.0
　　 　
4. the overflow pipe mouth should be higher than the highest water level () mm, shall be installed on the overflow pipe.
A．10
B．20
C．30
D．50
　　 　
5. when the water supply system of separate water tank, for daily water not big buildings, life reserves of water desirable daily water consumption ().
A．10%～50%
B．30%～80%
C．50%～100%
D．80%～100%
　　 　
6. when the water supply system of separate water tank, for daily water larger buildings, the preferred daily water consumption of ().
A．10%～15%
B．15%～20%
C．20%～25%
D．25%～30%
　　 　
7. fire-fighting water at least should permit indoor () minute fire design flow.
A．10
B．15
C．20
D．25
2. fill in the blanks questions (please toyoko line on enter your answer. ) 1. indoor water supply system is usually divided into three categories,,.
2. the work of the centrifugal pump and two way. The water is higher than the pump sump; pump shaft of higher than the surface of the sump.
3. indoor water supply system is made, a meter, and water supply, fire-fighting equipment, indoor six parts.
4. set the way of boosting equipment include: water supply and water supply, water supply and water supply.
5. the high-rise construction water-supply system in the vertical partition has a variety of ways, water supply and water supply.
6. speed of flow-meter by wing wheel structure is divided into type and type.
7. pressure water sharing equipment by, and controlled equipment.
8. indoor water supply pipe laying, according to the building on health, aesthetics requirements, divided into and two categories.
9. common water pipes are, in General, and the plastic pipe, etc.
10. steel pipe connection methods are connected, and connects three connection.
11. pressure water sharing equipment press pressure water sharing equipment water pressure stability, divided into two categories-and type. Third, the noun parser (in the the nouns in the text box below, enter your answer. ) 1. fire-fighting water supply system
　　　 　
2. water supply system
　　　 　
3. indoor water supply section
　　　 　
4. water service pipe
　　　 　
5. pipe system
　　　 　
6. step-up device
IV. question
1．建筑给水系统由哪几部分组成？【答题要点】 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indoor water supply system is usually divided into life, production, fire-fighting.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. water supply system there are several water supply? conditions under which various used? 【 answer points 】--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Four, namely direct water-supply mode, set the step-up device water supply, water supply and water supply of the partition and pressure tank water.
Indoor water supply system of water-supply mode is generally based on the following principles to select: ① to meet user requirements, should strive to achieve a water supply system is simple, to reduce the cost and management costs;
② make full use of urban water supply pipe pressure directly, if outdoor water supply network pressure does not meet the whole building water requirements, consider building the underlying use of outdoor water supply pipe pressure directly with pressurized water supply, upper (set booster devices);
③ When two or more with water and water pressure should be as close to theUse of common water supply system. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

3. current water supply pipeline which common pipe? how to connect the respective? 【 answer points 】--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The present building water pipe used pipes: plastic, composite pipe, steel pipe, copper pipe, cast iron and stainless steel pipe, etc.
① pipe connection method with thread connection (also called threads), welding and flange connection three connection.
② plastic pipe connection methods are threaded connection, bonding and flange connections, etc. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4．常用给水附件的作用各是什么？【答题要点】 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water supply pipeline attachment is installed in the pipeline and equipment on the opening and closing and regulating device. Annex to the General divided into water allocation and control accessories.
Distribution add-on is installed in the sanitary appliances and water points in various taps to regulate and distribution of water. ① water Accessories: ball valve type with faucet, faucet, lavatory with tap-taps and mixer faucet.
② control accessories used to regulate water flow, pressure, flow, switching change in the direction of flow, such as globe valve, gate valve, check valve, ball valve and safety valve, etc. Water supply and drainage engineering common valve according to the body structure and function, can be divided into globe valve, gate valve, butterfly valve, ball valve, plug valve, check valve, etc. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

5. in accordance with the rules of the water supply piping layout? what are the specific requirements of? 【 answer points 】--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indoor water supply pipe pipeline layout principles and specific requirements as described below.
① building water service pipe from the water balance and water supply reliability, should generally be from building water consumption Max Office and does not allow the introduction of broken water Department. When building a comparative health appliances layout should be evenly in the introduction, in the middle of the building to reduce the pipe network to the most negative point of water, reduce the length of pipe head loss.
② indoor water supply piping layout and buildings, buildings, structures, and health equipment and production equipment layout, as well as the water ways and so on. Piping arrangement should strive to achieve the shortest possible length of straight towards, and walls, beams and columns of the parallel laying, both in appearance and to consider the construction maintenance convenience. Water and sewer water should be as close as possible to the largest equipment place or does not allow continuous supply of water to ensure a reliable supply of water, and reduce the flow of pipeline so that the transfer of large diameter pipe length min. Indoor water pipes do not allow laying in drains, flue and air duct, is not allowed to pass through the toilet tank, window, wall, should be avoided as far as possible through the buildings of the settlement joint. If you must go through when to take the appropriate measures. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

6. water supply pipes for several forms of? characteristics? 【 answer points 】--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indoor water supply pipe laying, construction on the health and beauty area requirements, divided into Ming installed and concealed two categories.
① Ming installed pipe low cost, construction and installation, maintenance, repairs are more convenient. The disadvantage is that due to the pipe surface area of ash, produce condensing effects of environmental health, and Ming installed hinder housing.
② pipeline concealed, the health conditions for the good, the room is beautiful. Concealed disadvantage is cost, construction and maintenance are inconvenience. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7．水箱有哪些管道？它们的作用各是什么？【答题要点】 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Water tank from fles, outlet and overflow pipe, sewer and water level signal pipe and snorkel, etc. Their role (brief).
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

8. a common set of principles for water supply system? 【 answer points 】

【 Weak current College 】 video conference system and application of "the subdivision road"

I. background in 2007, China's video conferencing market actual 29.82 billion RMB, and from 2008 to 2010 will also continue to maintain the growth rate of 20%. At the same time, as technology advances, product application form for the escalating, diversification, to video conference system and platform-based applications will become more and more popular, markets and applications are also in the process of change. Hardware and software video "HD" King air flow in software video platform and system development, and continue to erode traditional hard-video market, to hardware-based video platform and system use their strengths to fight the "HD", from 2005 onwards, high-definition along the way, from the earliest Cisco's "Internet truth", to Nortel's far really, to HP's Halo to these products as representative, the application will use ultra video high-definition technology, the experience of implementing reduction field. In 2007, more and more video conferencing product manufacturers to launch the "HD" products and solutions, at the same time, with high, medium, low and other terminal of HD products on a large sale, software video manufacturers have also introduced a variety of "high definition" of products and platforms, hardware and software manufacturers began to fight together the video in this market, the market can be said to start officially started. From 2008 onwards, technology advances and prices low to high-definition video conferencing system application widely as possible, with hi-def products further spread, this market will mature and recognized, it is expected that this process will continue until 3-5 years. User market upgrade, expansion of traditional video application busy large users, including Government, finance and electric power industries market is facing a system upgrade, the upgrade to HD actually is. Government and related industry more to their respective terminal extension extension, in the Government sector, particularly in the three or four levels of market expansion, the Government of many conference system arrived at the township level, based on the village. Application in various industries, but also to various small Terminal sector. Due to the soft and hard-to-use video conferencing system has advantages, in practice, most of them are integrated in the form of co-existence. And since the combination by more advantages to video conferencing system, and platform-based application and the continued expansion of the field. Remote teaching, health, product and marketing, and other applications, to provide a wide range of video services-based application model, such as various rented constant innovation. The "video" unified communications in the black propaganda for years, now have a pragmatic and become a climate of unified communications, has been gradually developing the application. Video as one of the important technical and application, by major operators, telecommunication vendors, software vendors and integrators, manufacturers have combined to form related to the industrial chain, to achieve a variety of media forms of unified communications, so that people in any network, any media, any device, any agreement between can anytime, anywhere communications and exchanges of unified communications platforms. Video producers use their advantages, have joined to this camp, hope in this market. Also, GetJar's arrival, let have a video even more space. Second, the subject and value for video system and application development, long-term concern to the industry heavyweight Portal planning than tewang will organize a series of thematic, let readers in-depth understanding of video development of the latest technological achievements, the latest model of the application, a better understanding of vendors ' products, systems and solutions, case, to help users make better choices. This activity will have a series of thematic, theme: video system and application of "the subdivision road", including several important to become part of, will use the current Internet most popular web2.0 Forms combo. Video market analysis: includes video market analysis, technology, products, manufacturers, applying trends and related technical standards, in-depth interviews and analysis. Provides details about the current video market situation and future trends, and current manufacturer's product, the manufacturer of the status of the video market in the role of unified communications. Video system-definition: includes high-definition video systems of knowledge, high-definition products and solutions presented analysis, high-definition of value and future directions and trends, etc. And focus of mainstream products and manufacturers are described in detail. Classic cases and the application of article: includes mainly details video solutions and application in various industries, experts on the case and the programme of exciting cases, expert personal observations and prospects for the industry, and also includes innovative application model and content. Advantages: in that event, solutions and case collection overcomes traditional quick layout problems, Internet speed, and various forms of combined Internet mostly information aggregation, and not just the aggregate, but also to information creation and in-depth reporting and analysis.

【 Weak current College 】 heating and gas supply-chapter summary

This chapter includes heating and gas supply in two parts.　　A heating system, heating system consists of three major components: source, distribution network and the heatsink. There are many kinds of heating system of classification, is divided into different according to the heat and hot water heating and steam heating and hot-air heating.　　Civil architecture is commonly used for heating and hot water and steam heating, hot water heating systems in the wider applicability, therefore applied more generally. The composition of the heating system: heat source equipment (boiler, heat exchanger), thermal equipment and recycling equipment, pipelines and auxiliary equipment and devices, etc.　　You should understand the role of various devices and features.　　Heating boiler types, basic building, technical performance and boiler rooms, and other content is a comprehensive understanding of the fundamentals of heating equipment; heat exchanger of several types: surface type, mixed, regenerative; radiator in column radiator, wing-shaped radiators, convectors steel series Tablet; there are also water pump, expansion tank, gas tank, compensator, trap, pressure relief valve and safety valve, a heating device. Heating system maintenance work has three aspects: the boiler, indoor and outdoor network.　　Common failures are: heating system the end radiator is not hot, local heat sink is not hot, upper radiator not hot, top heatsink overtemperature lower radiator not hot, and so on, for several reasons, specific measures to deal with. 2. gas supply introduces gas manufactured gas, LPG and natural gas three types. Urban gas supply is divided into pipeline and bottled two, pipe network in accordance with the transport of pressure difference is divided into low-voltage distribution network, medium pressure pipe, high pressure pipeline network and high pressure pipeline network.　　Indoor gas pipeline requests to that application. Several common gas appliances and gas meter, gas supply systems maintenance and management, especially for gas safety issues more comprehensive narrative.

【 Weak current College 】 on low-cost commercial property management

Summary: with the property management market has been constantly expanding low-cost housing in management has become an important market, the residential property's characteristics and the characteristics of low-cost housing in determines its property services and management in particular. As long as the level of service to improve service personnel, play the leading role of the owners, to overcome the difficulty factor, fees can also be in the low-priced commercial property services in the economic and social benefits.

Property management activities in the property type is varied, each property has its own characteristics and differences. In the property type is most common, most large to residential property management, residential district with regional independence, residence of aggregation and function of diversity, structure of systematic, comprehensive management, etc. In the residential property in an essential component in the price of commercial-property management become more social, complexity, and seriousness. In the price of commercial property management and general commercial houses, luxury real estate property management difference

Low-cost housing in hardware and facilities less
Development and construction of low-cost housing in primarily meet low-income city residents, placement and removal of farmers living in low-cost housing requirements, geographic position generally away from the urban infrastructure of perfect block, while at the same time the development and construction enterprises (units) is a not for profit as main objective, in accordance with the construction of national policies and regulations. As a result of low-cost commodity hardware and supporting facilities and general commercial House, Luxury House the larger difference.

Second, the owners of property management to the low level of acceptance

The owners of commercial buildings in low prices for farmers, removing fetched residents, low-income residents, etc., most owners revenue less, coupled with some previous bad habits, usually on property management rules and regulations not understand even misunderstandings on property management activities are subject to emotional, even for paid services is unacceptable. While most of the residence of the owners own cultural level is low, the quality is not high, to the property management business services work has brought a certain degree of difficulty.

Third, property management fees to



In the low-priced commercial property management fees of composition and the ordinary commercial House, Luxury House composed of a management fee is the same, but in the low level of commercial property management fees are generally lower than the average commercial House, and most of the owners a variety of reasons can not be timely payment even without payment. Property management companies in the implementation of the property management activities, can not be timely receipt of the corresponding benefits.

With the countries on the intensity of the real estate of macroeconomic adjustment, domestic housing privatization increased, resulting in rising commodity prices. A harmonious society, meet low-income families living in low-cost housing demand, in the real estate market share steadily increased. At the same time, with property management "tentacles" of continuous extension and market competition intensifies, the price of commercial property management has also put forward higher requirements. Do a low-priced housing in property management, which should be in the following areas to take the appropriate measures and approaches:

First, the employment of high-quality property management services

High-quality property management service, in accordance with the relevant policies, rules, regulations, and contract services for owners, not only enables property management activities in an orderly, reasonable, and can improve the owners and property management companies. In the majority of owners to establish good interpersonal relationships, create one with good interpersonal and social ethics of social environment, by property management service personnel positive and relevant company or landlord communication, coordination, to cover the development and construction, hardware, lack of facilities. As a result of property management is through a large number of property management services to owners provide security guard, General Affairs, tube

Physics, environmental health, afforestation, equipment and facilities maintenance services, the industry is still labour-intensive industries. As the number of property management companies increase on property management service personnel needs, especially high-quality property management service more urgent. Therefore, property management company in the talent of the design and planning, introduction, appraisals, motivation and attention to the selection, hiring, and educating people, keep people reflect the characteristics of the enterprise, develop to meet the business needs of high-quality property management services.

Second, give full play to the role of the owners

In the property management company providing services at the same time, we must constantly strengthen communication with owners, to emphasize the role owner's subjective initiative. Owners as community of property management Enterprise Services object, property management companies to provide services cannot "pull the car only bow, do not look up road", the Commission shall be invited to the owners or owners representative discuss community management system, development planning and pressing and the owners of common concern, let owners involved in property management, entered the property management, property management, property management, understand that the owners understand the goal of property management and owners of common interests is consistent, you should join the low-priced real estate in the property management work.

3. overcome difficult property management fees of

Commercial property owners in the low consumption power and conventional commercial House, luxury house owners spending power has a gap, most owners of their own economic condition. Therefore, for the low price of commodity in property management fees and charges to be consistent with the actual situation of the property, so that the majority of owners to be able to accept and bear. Property management companies in daily service by service personnel, Billboard and other forms of paid services to the owners of publicity and awareness of relevant policies and regulations. In addition to property management companies can owners of difficulties in the region to provide employment opportunities and other means to solve problems for owners.

In low-cost housing because of certain peculiarities of its owners and owners of ordinary commercial houses also have compared. Therefore, property management companies in accordance with policies and regulations that may be encountered, the difficulties in carrying out the notion of owners, costs the standard and the collection rate is low, and other difficulties. Property management companies by taking appropriate measuresShi and approaches, to owners of special case can get special treatment. If the owner without due cause long-term property management fees are not paid in breach of the landlord or the landlord, such as violations of traffic building, property management companies to persuade, education invalid, property management companies to court, and property management companies may be the cause of the lawsuit, process and results of the notice to the owners, so not only can maintain most of the owners of legitimate legal rights, maintenance of property management companies, management of solemnity to other owners of such a warning.
Property management business by managing the service staff hard services and standardized management, the landlord has created a healthy living environment, combined with the active participation of the owners, to achieve the goal of preserving and increasing the value of property, this allows the low-priced real estate in the property management let owners satisfied, let the enterprise profit.

Reference documents:

1. Wang LAN, an introduction to the property management, publishing house of China building
2. Wang, the property management act, Peking University Press

【 Weak current College 】 seven types of wiring systems: broadband choices

High-bandwidth applications need most new network wiring technology, six types of wiring system with its 250MHZ bandwidth for today's business applications. Latest message indicates that TIA (TelecommunicationsIndustryAssociations) TR42 Committee has adopted six types of standards, the standards will 568B-B.2.1 on June 18 formally promulgated by TIA.
However, technology is still in progress, 250MHZ bandwidth does not adequately meet the needs of the people was only a matter of time.
Therefore, the standard setting body and the manufacturer is considering using a new type of copper cable system, its bandwidth can be as high as $ 600MHZ, people will this system called the seven kinds of cables, this system can greatly extend the functionality of a local area network.
In exploring the seven kinds of cables technical details before we began by recalling cable standard history and current cable category.
Sophisticated cable standard used to product suppliers and users to establish a common practice for serialization, some standards you can adopt guidelines setting to determine whether a product can be sold in certain countries.
In North America, the standard mainly consists of the following three organizations issued:
ANSI (AmericanNationalStandardInstitute, United States national standards organization);
TIA (TelecommunicationIndustryAssociation, Telecom Industry Federation);
EIA (EngineeringInstituteAssociation, engineering technology).
Typically, one of the promulgation of a standards organization, then the other two organizations.
In Europe, cable standard by CENELEC (European electronic technology standards Committee), Member of the organization comes from the European 19 countries of electronic technology. ISO/IEC will adopt the CENELEC standards as ISO/IEC standards.
TIA and ISO have made many efforts to coordinate their standards, therefore, TIA and ISO released standards there is little difference. As cables, connectors and cable verification Tester manufacturers usually worldwide distribution of their products, the manufacturer must demonstrate that their products conform to ANSI/TIA/EIA (and CENELEC) standards.
1-6 types of wiring system
Different twisted pair class represents the system can provide.
Cable category maximum transfer rate application
1 class (CAT1) less than 1Mbps analog voice signal
Class 2 (CAT2) 4Mbps for token ring of IBM cabling system
3 class (CAT3) 16Mbps10Base-T Ethernet
4 classes (CAT4) 20Mbps token ring
Category 5 (CAT5) 100Mbps100Base-T Ethernet
1000Mbps (4 pairs)
Hyper-5 class (CAT5E) 100Mbps Ethernet, ATM
155Mbps
Category 6 (CAT6) 200-25OM broadband applications
Seven class system?
Six and seven types of wiring systems there are many significant differences, most notably the bandwidth. Six types of channel provides comprehensive at least 200MHZ attenuate on crosstalk ratio and overall 250MHZ bandwidth. Seven categories system can provide at least 500MHZ integrated attenuation on crosstalk ratio and a overall bandwidth.
A large amount of wideband applications enable people need more bandwidth. For example, a typical seven channel can provide a snapline 862MHZ bandwidth to transmit video signals, on the other line on the transmission of analog audio signal, and then in the third and fourth lines for high-speed local area network information transmission. This application now sounds like a science fiction, but in the near future you can become a reality.
Six and seven class system of another difference is their structure. Six types of wiring systems can use UTP and STP can also be used. The seven system based solely on shielded cable. In seven categories in the cable, each line has a shield, four pairs of wire gathers together a public big screen. From the physical structure of the point of view, additional shielding layer makes seven categories line has a larger diameter.
Another important difference is that the capacity of its connectivity hardware, seven categories of system parameter requires a connection header in the line when all 600MHZ to provide at least 60DB of proximal crosstalk. But hyper-v class system provides only requires 100MHZ 43DB, six class in numerical-46DB 250MHZ.
Connection head and tester
On seven categories of system pessimistic people always adhere to the following points:
1, seven kinds of cables and connecting devices manufacturer cannot meet the demand of seven categories of system;
2. people install a new set of seven categories of systems cannot guarantee that the system in the entire range are running well, because no one can test all bandwidth range of test equipment.
Cable and connector manufacturers need in a very short period of time to meet the needs of six kinds of large, then the system who need more time to provide a stable seven class system?, Simon company (Siemon) has developed a new type of connector interface to surpass RJ connector restrictions. This is called Tera connector has been ISO/SC25 working group selected IECJTC1/non-RJ-type connector. Siemen company has a number of manufacturers have applied for a patent of Tera connector. The current seven types of linesCommission, its performance has exceeded seven draft for connectors, cables, link and channel.
In addition, there are already holding a LAN tester for seven categories of system-wide frequency band range test (0-600MHZ), its biggest test bandwidth of up to 750MHZ. In addition to the seven class test, the tester can also be used for 3, 5, 5, and 6 classes of systems, also has fibre test functionality. With these new tester, cable installers and end users will not be solely dependent on cable and connector manufacturers for its product 600MHZ bandwidth commitment. Currently, each link can be installed after the individual validation, meet manufacturers, installers and end users demand.
Some people might think the optical system can bring enough bandwidth, and fibre has a price advantage. However, if you consider to fiber optic routers, switches and network cards cost factors, fibre price advantages will be quickly lost.
To be sure, with the seven standards of launch at the end of the year, high-quality cable products and connector and test bandwidth of up to 750MHZ LAN cable Tester will give the people of broadband applications bring great convenience and possible.

【 Weak current College 】 attendant service specification

Attendant service specification

First, the time in uniform with the tooling, chest emblem for posts, neat, energetic, behave appropriately,

Second, Rouse, loving, honest and trustworthy, cherish the collective honors.

3. respect and care for the students, and students in conflict. On the issues raised by the students should patiently answered.

First, fill in the on-duty time shift recording ". Induction period are not allowed to watch TV, newspapers, books, listening to music; to the students and other unrelated persons free from duty; no in room at home and talk.

Second, in strict accordance with the provisions of the time on, off-floor door (6: 00, Sunday-Thursday 22: 30 closing, Friday-Saturday 11: 30 door), late students to strict with their documents. Off the floor, the door to the building for security, public facilities, carefully inspected to ensure that the building order correctly, carefully fill in the security log ";

3. takes note of the staff access to inventory all suspicious persons. The external personnel registration form, fill out, save, record books.

4. eliminate small traders or other sales people come in; do not allow students to meals, alcoholic, dangerous goods, pets, all kinds of vehicles into the floor; specific not free to access this property.

8. maintain on-duty ground indoor neat, clean, bright, window glass articles orderly, beds stacked neatly. Indoor storage shall be placed, and watch something unrelated.

9. keep the entrance hall and the House door and tidy, clean surface clean, no mess with Blackboard, graffiti, door and window glass.

10, seriously registration student dormitory, timely repair and maintenance of the monitor.

11. familiar apartment Center security early warning programme, is familiar with the building of the fire box, evacuation door location and method of use. In case of emergency to cool and the first time in the report of the sector and leadership.

12. tampering tuogang, post-leaving, 1 April-31 October in the floor hallway for posts.

13. the timely completion of the building, the Director of the Centre to other temporary work.

【 Weak current College 】 residential community of intelligent system solutions

Intelligent community building including data communication systems, security systems, community management system.

1. data communications system

Data communication system mainly includes: community network, INTERNET access, network access, Community Network Center building in four parts. The entire system is structured as follows.

(1) social networking system

Community networking system uses the star network, is divided into System Center, regional centres, residential buildings and user level four. System Center installs all network communication center devices, network servers, routers, and other communications equipment. System settings more regional centres, by geography, community of all building logically divided into to the regions, each locale a regional centre, the Centre uses fiber connection with System Center, and various residential buildings with 5 twisted-pair cable for the connection. Residential building system is the central system where residential, and the corresponding regional centres are connected, and implements communication with various household. User system for users of the network interface, the indoor distribution on the interface, individual user indoor and communications related equipment and the user's computer can connect to the Internet, enjoy the system provides the communications services.

(2) INTERNET access

Use of a famous 64KDDN dedicated line and INTERNET service providers to connect to community residents to provide cheap INTERNET access service. Community of households can be achieved with the telephone dial-up exactly the same function, and eliminates the hassle of dialing, Internet access is also faster. When the user reaches a certain amount of flexibility to increase the channel bandwidth or adding new channels.

(3) securities network access

Community and a securities company contact, through a phone line and the security of communications joins the entire community, which makes a big room of remote security companies, community residents only have one computer, you can achieve the ideal home trade stocks.

(4) community network centers

Community network centers is the entire data centre for communication systems, the system's main communication equipment and management personnel are concentrated here, network centric building includes a central room construction and communications equipment installation and debugging. Room decoration should consider using anti-static floor, installation standards, grounded, and consider a reasonable distribution of power, network, telephone and other equipment for the alignment. For the important equipment, use UPS power protection. Network communication wiring and communication devices should be used in wiring closet manner reasonably placed. In this system, the network Centre also install INTERNET access equipment, securities network access device, to organise their website's Web server, residential property management processor and several sets of servers and workstations.

2. the security system

Security system is divided into park security systems and home security system.

(1) park security system

Mainly include the Park perimeter closure and automatic inspection system. Park perimeter closure using infrared blockade, if someone wants to pass over the fence to enter the Park, system control centre will beep to help executives find illegal immigrants. Automated patrol system is community security personnel management by means of Community provisions for the security patrol routes of time requirements, patrol system interface installed in security needs by route, through the actions on an interface by specifying the location of its report. To ensure the safety of community residents.

(2) residential and protection system

Residence and protection system mainly refers to the installation in indoor security and disaster prevention system. Here we use a set against theft, disaster prevention and other functions of the smart products-network intelligent control data terminal (NDT), using this system, the residence of any unexpected situation, are available through the rapid alert network systems, Network Center and take the relevant measures. NDT Products will be in another article.

III. community management system

Community management includes property management, water and electrical three tables automatically copied, community information publishing and other functions.

(1) community of property management

Preparation of a complete software system, software related parts of community management, feature-rich and useful.

(2) water electric table automatically copied

Adoption of Ethernet-based network intelligent control data terminal (NDT) and remote water electric table. The system can be three table readings over a network, the system automatically routed to the system's control center, so as to achieve confined at home and on the implementation of water electric three tables copied, statistics and billing functions.

(3) community of information release

In addition to the establishment in the Community Bulletin Board, etc., this system also provides two means. The first is through the community run its website to publish information within and outside the community. The second is through each household installed network intelligent control data terminal (NDT) LCD character display screen, publishing information to each household.

【 Weak current College 】 decoration consumer Tip: cash on delivery, don't effect zhongquantao

Delivery signature never careless zhongquantao

In April 2007, the family lived in the eastern suburbs of Liu and his wife in a furniture city flower 8000 buy a dining table and Chair, after the installation is complete, Mr. Liu found wooden dining table surface scratches several obvious, in charge of the delivery staff and their contacted orally promises: a week after the manufacturers will be sent a new swap, Mr. Liu was the first wife and let Mr. Liu on the delivery note was signed.

A week later, Mr. Liu and vendor, vendor excuses recent factory orders, promised a few days late, but 15 days, exchanges, Mr. Liu's problems remain unresolved. In compelling circumstances, Mr. Liu to market a business sector complaints it, didn't think businesses but denied they had promised to transfer goods and took out Mr. Liu's signing the delivery note that their furniture does not have a quality problem, scratches on the table may be the consumers in the use process caused by man-made damage. Due to the vendor's intentional delay, Mr. Liu's furniture has been purchased by the consumer rights protection law of 7 days package returned time, in the "trap" of Mr. Liu unlucky couple only.

To this end, the Beijing city consumer association; the responsible person to remind the public that furniture home to look after. If you have a quality problem, on the delivery note must be made before signature, do not easily believe the business of verbal commitments. Promised to change the furniture must indicate on the delivery note, the time period and keep a copy of the delivery note as evidence, in order to solve the problem. (Zhangye)

After careful playing word games

Lifelong maintenance does not mean free of maintenance

"I spent 2 million years ago and bought a sofa, buy time above obviously written life-long maintenance, last year there were some inclination latissimus sofa, I found a place that sells furniture manufacturers have to accept the results of my maintenance costs $ 500. Reason is a life-long maintenance, does not mean that the lifelong maintenance free! "

Interpretation: furniture in General not possible lifetime free repair, and the concept of lifelong maintenance varies considerably, because free maintenance commitments are generally restricted to a few years, this time at the purchased furniture to consumers in the warranty card that merchants fuzzy credence commitment.

Handling of problems is not refundable discount does not change

"The quality of your closet too time, even a discount, but also a bit outrageous difference. This counter scratches and I don't care about, but the four legs are not the same height, you let me how to put things? "and" sorry, you buy are samples of furniture. You see bills of lading are covered by the ' discount merchandise not returned not-for-' chapter, so you cannot return it. ”

Explanation: according to the provisions of the xiaofa chulipin commodity, businesses are responsible for the "three guarantees", but there is also a special case of individual items, such as "sample furniture" long-term ease, the appearance of scratches, inevitable, so consumers will not be able to return to these grounds. But businesses often "chulipin" and "sample handling," and other simple ways to do that and said "handling merchandise is non refundable not-for-" this is against the rules. Therefore, the processing of goods to indicate the cause of the "deal", this causes quality problems are still based on the "three guarantees" provisions of the mediation.

Maintenance of the same location twice to change

"I recently bought a bed, but in use for some time, I found some problems, so the bed requires the manufacturer for repair. Half months, although the issue is resolved, you can repair the bed after help and there is a problem, think they gave ' furniture after two repair still cannot normally use to replace the ' commitment, I will ask for a refund. Can they actually say two maintenance definition must be on the same site there is something wrong with the furniture. "

Explanation: the xiaofa stipulates: warranty repair twice and still cannot normally use commodity, operators when given a purchase, and no emphasis is on the same site has the quality problem.

Single issue single unit furniture back

"Bought a dining table and Chair, table, patch patent leather old fell several times faster into the ' flower melon ', I can't bear to give my return, I didn't think that they should have said I have no quality problem of the Chair, only agreed to return the table. You said, I bought a set, this light give me rest chair, is there anything else? "

Explanation: the contract law provisions, subject to the owner of not conforming and rescind the contract, its effectiveness and to matter; from material does not comply with the requirements of effectiveness, rescind the contract and not in main. For instance, bought a complete dining table and Chair, as the "primary structures" table has the quality problem of the return, the Chair even if no quality problem, businesses should give back; on the contrary, there is a problem with the Chair, the table does not have a problem, the table cannot be returned. (Chen Ze Xiang)

Contract specifications to insurable interest in

Contract to cover the provisions of chapter

Buy furniture cover deposit must let vendors in the contract, with his financial chapter and home city collection dedicated chapter, avoid its later turn Chao, while at the same time to contract and billing receipt stamped with the seal of the home city, so even if the seller to withdraw cabinets, home town will solve customer problems.

Fighter contract to resist

View the contract carefully, such as "product reference samples, do not return does not change," and "consumer breach to pay liquidated damages of 20 per cent, businesses pay 5 per cent of the breach. Of breach of contract damages, "obviously unfair provisions of the King, the consumer must resolutely say no.

The spot has to sign the contract

Now the market some furniture dealers to spot now, color, size, quality can see at a glance, so no need to sign the contract as an excuse to just give consumers a receipt. But this is actually a sales evaded responsibility in such a way that once the furniture quality problems, there is no contract of consumers often have mouth hard to argue.

【 Weak current College 】 construction site English 500 words (3)

III. date and time (20 words)
DATESANDTIMES
61Whatmonthisthis? is now a few months?
62ThisisJanuary. (February,March,April,May,June,July,
August,September,October,November,December).
It is January. (February, March, April, may, June, July, August, September, 10
Month, November, December).
63Whatdayistoday? today is the day of the week?
64TodayisSunday. (Monday,Tuesday,Wednesday,Thursday,
Friday,Saturday).
Today is Sunday. (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
65Whatisthedatetoday?
Today is the number?
66TodayisAprilsixth,nineteeneighty-two.
Today is April 6, 1982.
67Whattimeisit? time?
68Itissixo ' clock-now is six o'clock.
69Itissevenpastnine. now have seven nine.
70Itisafewminutesafterthree. now is the point about something.
71Itisaquartertoten. now is a quarter to ten.
72Willyoubehereateighto’clocktomorrow?
Please come here at eight o'clock tomorrow?
73Weshallcomeathalfpastseven,whenwillyoucome?
We at Bell, what time?
74Weshallbeontime, Ihope. I hope that we will arrive on time.
75Wegettoworkatseventhirtyeverymorningandfinish
workingateleventhirtybeforenoon. (a.m.)
We started at seven thirty in the morning, to work at eleven o'clock. (Morning)
76Weworkfromtwountilsixo’clockafternoon(p.m.)every
day.
Our every afternoon from two to six. (Afternoon)
77Wehavebreakfastatseven. our breakfast at seven.
78Wehavedinneratelevenforty-five.
We have lunch at a quarter to eleven.
79Wehavesupperatsixafternoon.
We have dinner at six o'clock in the afternoon.
80WehaveadayofrestonSundayeveryweek.
Our weekly Sunday rest.

【 Weak current College 】 decoration acceptance of five aspects

Home decoration is generally divided into five areas acceptance (water, electricity, tile, wood, oil). And to national acceptance and construction contract quality acceptance criteria, on the various aspects of acceptance, as owners of non-professional acceptance should note the following: first, the water: water tank, washstand, sanitary equipment, pipes, heating etc.
See: sink, wash basin, sanitary installation is smooth, strong, straight up and down whether water pipeline; straight, fasteners are installed, there is no leak connectors and leakages. 2. power: the power cord (socket, switch, the lamp), TV, telephone.
See: power cable is using GB copper, general lighting and sockets use 2.5 square line; kitchen with 4 square line, if the power cord is stranded wires will be processed before the next in the solder switch socket on the TV and the telephone signal cables and power cords to keep a certain distance (not less than 250mm); lighting installation to use metal hanging point, after completion of the test you want one by one. Third, the tile: ceramic tiles (wet paste, dry plaster), stone (wet paste, dry hanging).
See: before a scheduled preselection process, the specification of materials into categories, in separate room or a plane to make bricks, the individual Alice Horn material as cutting materials used, this allows lower-quality materials with good results. 4. wood: doors and Windows, ceiling, wall, vinyl, flooring, heating cover.
See: select the wood must be elected baking ingredients, this will avoid future deformation; wood side to static surface coating fire anticorrosive material before use, blockboard to choose quality materials with high environmental protection. Large ceiling, wainscots per square meter of not less than eight fixed, suspended ceiling to use metal hanging point, door and window production in order to use some of the material to prevent deformation. Floor-leveling of wood to larger (not less than 6 x 6). 5. oil: paint (boiled oils, mixed oil), coatings, paperhanging, soft package.
See: decoration of surface treatment is the most critical, the paint must be using high quality materials, coating or spraying must be done well before the surface treatment, mixing up the wood surface, plain child ash polishing flat after spraying paint, wall of wall paint Daubs, be sure to use Primer (to cut off the wall and the acid-base reaction finish) to prevent the wall surface discoloration.

【 Weak current College 】 construction site English 500 words (9)

IX. public works
UTILITY
209、Publicutilitiesarecarefullyregulatedhere.
The utilities here are carefully managed.
210、Thepressuremaintainedinthewatermainistwokilogram
persquarecentimeter.
Centimeter of water pressure up to 2 kg/cm2.
211、Thewaterhasbeentreated(softened),butitisnot
drinkablewater.
This water is processed (softened), but not drinking water.
212、Thecommonservicevoltageofelectricpowerinourcountry
is220/380volt.
Our normal supply voltage 220/380 volts.
213、Thereisaswitchboard(controlpanel,distributionbox)
mountedonthewall.
The wall is equipped with a switch Board (Control Panel, power distribution box).
214、Wehaveanemergency-standbyelectricgeneratorwitha
capacityof300kilowatts.
We have a 300 kW of standby generator.
215、Thesubstationequippedwithatransformerof500KVAisat
thesouthoftheplant.
In the project of the South have a seat fitted with 500 kVA variable electrical substations.
216、Thepressureofthecompressedairattheworksiteis
about7kg/cm2.
Sites using compressed air pressure of about 7 kg/cm2.
217、Thereisasteamheatingsystem(airconditioningsystem)
inthework-shop.
This workshop is equipped with a steam-heating systems (air conditioning).
218、ThePostOfficeisinRenminStreet,itisopenfrom7.a.m
tillmidnight.
The post office in the people's Road, from 7 am until midnight.
219、Youcansendtheletterbyairmail(regularmail,
registeredmail).
You can mail a letter (regular mail, registered mail).
220、Youmaytelephonemeatteno’clock,mytelephonenumber
is4907(four–nine–0-seven).
You can point me in a call, my number is 4907.
221、Hereisthetelephonedirectory.
This is the phone number.
222、Thetelegraphic(cable,telex)addressoftheguesthouse
is6080.
Hostel telegram (Submarine Telegraph, telex) registered is 6080.
223、Youmaycontactthereceptionistifyouwanttomakealong
distancecall(tomakeoverseascall,tosendaoverseas
telegram).
If you want to make long distance calls (overseas calls, International Telegraph), you can contact with the waiter.
224、Thecargovessel(passengership)dockedatwharfnumber5
yesterdayafternoon.
Cargo (passenger) yesterday afternoon at Terminal 5.
225、Thereisafreeway(mainhighway)fromheretoNanjing.
From here to there is a highway in Nanjing (main road).
226、ThereisalimousineservicetotheFriendshipHotelevery
day.
Every day, to the friendship hotel limousine service.
227、Thequickestwaytogetthereistotakeaairplane(taxi,
subway,train,bus).
228、Youcanmakeyourtravelarrangementinanybranchofthe
CITSorCAAC.

【 Weak current College 】 engineering cost knowledge essence 200 bar (1)

1. building the total investment, including investment in fixed assets (also called cost) and mobile assets investment (also called liquidity).
2. fixed asset investment including: equipment utensils acquisition costs (equipment, utensils and furniture acquisition costs), construction and installation engineering fees (direct costs, indirect costs, profits, tax), engineering-building other fees (land use, and project-related expenses, and the future of enterprise production and management-related costs), preparation of charges (basic preparation charges, prices prepared fee), a construction period of loan interest, fixed assets investment orientation regulation tax.
3. basic preparation fee = (equipment utensils acquisition fee + construction and installation engineering fees + construction other fees) * basic preliminary rates
4. fixed assets investment orientation regulation tax = (equipment utensils acquisition fee + construction and installation engineering fees + construction other fee + preparation fees) * rates. Renovation projects according to the actual completion of the investment tax basis according to the investment project unit project annual plan investment withholding
5, static investment including: equipment utensils acquisition, construction and installation engineering fees, other costs of engineering construction, basic preparation fee
6, dynamic investment including: prices prepared, construction loan interest, fixed assets investment orientation regulation tax
7. liquidity = current assets-current liabilities
8. construction and installation the project tax refers to the included in construction and installation cost of turnover tax, urban maintenance and construction tax and education expenses surtax
9, the World Bank project cost: direct costs of the project (land purchase expenses and off-site facility fee, venue fees, services, construction costs), project overhead costs (project management, construction trade fee, owners of administrative costs, production costs, freight charges and prior insurance, local taxes), contingency fees (not clear project preparation---certainly occur, unforeseen reserve---not necessarily happen) construction cost increases fees
10, foreign construction and installation engineering fees constitute roughly the same as with China, in which the calculation of the basic line is (direct costs--and start-up fees, management fees, profits tax)
11, non-standard equipment price of valuation methods generally are: cost estimation method, series device into the valuation method, partial portfolio valuation method, fixed valuation method
12, non-standard equipment price generally consists of the following parts: material fee + processing fees + auxiliary materials fee + special tool costs + scrap loss costs + outsourcing parts fee + packaging + profit + tax (mainly refers to the VAT = current tax-input tax period) + non-standard equipment design fee (including outsourcing parts fee excluding profits)
13, miscellaneous equipment transportation: shipping and handling + packaging + equipment supply and marketing departments handling + procurement and warehouse fee
14, utensils and furniture purchase fee = equipment purchase fee * fixed rates
15, for the determination of the quality of the installation, on a single device for a single test run, the system linkage work without load on the operating costs of debugging in installation engineering fees
16, labour cost: production workers basic salary (salary, skills, wages, wages, workers), wages and other subsidies, production workers, supplementary wage (non-jobs, wages and allowances of wages), workers ' welfare costs (costs, wash, books, fees, heating costs) as well as labour protection charges (PPE, only work clothing, heatstroke prevention, care allowance charges)
17, materials budget price: material price, supply and marketing departments handling, packing, transportation costs, purchase fee in advance.
18, machinery rent price: depreciation, cost of repairs, often repairs, dismounting and off-site transportation, fuel, power, labor, and transportation of oblique maintenance, vehicle and vessel usage tax and insurance
19, overseas construction and installation engineering fees constitute a construction contract in the contract price including: individual project costs (all part of the project costs {including artificial fee, material fee (including domestic not pre rising costs = (material price + shipping fees + taxes) * x), construction machinery, management (site management fee: 20% ~ 30%, company management — accounting for 70% ~ 75%), profits and taxes, other amortization charges}, individual project start-up costs (by individual project individually listed — accounted for the total cost of 10% to 20%)) + subcontracting costs (all subcontracting costs (including subcontracted project direct, management, profit) and total package profit) + provisional amount (engineer approval to use)
20, foreign construction and installation engineering fees constitute in the contractor's quotation by the three forms: composition part project price, single column item, sharing into the price
21, scale: fixed ratio, the ratio, the ratio measurement of floating, formula method
22, compensation for land acquisition and migration---refers to the construction project by unpaid transfer acquired the land for an indefinite period of time
23, land leasing---refers to the project through the use of the land acquired the land of limited duration.
24, and project building related other costs: construction management fees [(construction unit start-up costs, funding for the construction of single) = sum of the individual project costs (equipment utensils acquisition fee + construction and installation engineering fees) * construction unit management rate], survey design (), research test fee (distinct from the test pilot), construction unit temporary facilities, engineering supervision, engineering insurance (construction all risks, erection all risks, machine damage insurance, etc.), the introduction of technology and equipment to other charges (including foreign currency costs, engineering and technical personnel in cost, technology import charges, staging or deferred payment of interest, security fees and charges for imported equipment inspection and authentication), project contract fees (not the general contract of the project does not bear)
25, and the future of enterprise production costs: joint commissioning fees (entire workshop of load or no load joint commissioning costs greater than the commissioning of the income loss part---including commissioning of materials, fuels and oil power, mechanical use fees, low value consumables and other articles of the acquisition and construction unit to participate in joint commissioning staff wages etc. == Press commissioning equipment acquisitions workshopPurchase fee per cent), production preparation costs (production personnel training costs, production units into the factory in advance to participate in the construction, equipment installation, commissioning and staff salaries), Office and living furniture acquisition costs
26, basic preparation fee: refers to the preliminary design and estimates in unpredictable costs ① changes and local treatment costs ② losses caused by natural disasters and the prevention of natural disasters, measures taken have not acceptance costs ③ identification project quality on subtle works necessary excavation and repair costs;
27, price preparation fee: means a building project in construction period due to price changes due to changes of the period of the project cost forecast reservation fee includes: manual, materials, construction machinery of spreads, construction and installation engineering fees and other costs of adjustment of engineering construction, interest rates, the rate adjustment, increased costs. Including: equipment utensils acquisition, construction and installation engineering fees, other costs of engineering construction, basic preparation
28, when the total balance of the loan is paid yearly, prison set period interest calculated at current borrowings in the year expended to consider, that is, when the half-yearly interest-bearing loan, interest-bearing loan security year over
29, per fixed reflect production factors consumption content classification labor consumption (artificial quotas — forms for time scale, but also to yield fixed), material consumption, mechanical consumption (manifestations as mechanical time scale, but also to yield fixed)
Following is the Division of engineering construction fixed (27-30)
30, according to the quota of procedures and purposes include: construction of a fixed (in process as the object of study, is fixed in nature and is fixed in the construction of the fine, fixed in respect of a maximum of a quota, and also the construction of fixed basic quota fixed by the labour, material composed of a fixed, fixed — establishment of machinery for construction design), budget fixed (in building or structure each sub-project project object, a valuation of the fixed — preparing project construction organization plan), estimates the fixed (in an expanded, part of the project object, a valuation of the fixed — determine the construction investment based), budget indicators (in the whole building or structure for the objects, is a valuation of the fixed), investment evaluation indicators (to separate individual projects or complete projects to calculate object)
31, according to the nature of the investment costs are divided into: the construction of fixed, fixed equipment installation engineering, construction and installation engineering fees fixed (other charges fixed, funding quotas, indirect costs, fixed), utensils, fixed and construction fees fixed (General Accounting for the total investment of 10%)
32, in accordance with the professional nature of the classified into: nationwide scale, industry General, fixed, professional universal fixed
33, editor-in-Chief of units and administrative permissions are divided into: the national quota, industry consolidated fixed, fixed, fixed, in the consolidated supplementary quota
34, project rating characteristics: scientific, systematic (there are several fixed combination of organic whole), uniformity, stability authoritatively, at the time
35, preparation of the construction cost of the most basic of the two procedures is: engineering calculation and engineering valuation
36, fixed consumption in preparing the budget cost or price of specific and used primarily for budget fixed structure and content, the right to use the correct calculation of the fixed line and three aspects of engineering and applied
37, our building products price market experienced a "national pricing (national is the only price decision-making body) — the national price guide (a budget package price forms and project bidding price forms — the national and enterprise is the decision-making body of the dual prices----price formation is characterized by the regulatory scheme, the national guiding, competitive) — State regulation of prices (according to the market, contract negotiations--price formation is characterized by the formation of spontaneous, spontaneous fluctuation, spontaneous tuning)" three stages, the use of works fixed on price calculation project cost and price guide along between countries and between the State regulation of prices.
38, project rating valuation system is the first stage of reform of the core idea is the "isolation" quantity price (control volume, price guide, competitive fees), the second stage of reform core problem is cost pricing reforms
39, action research also called work method, a direct result of time research is to develop time fixed
The following classification for construction (37-40)
40, depending on the construction process of organizational complexity construction process can be broken down into processes (characteristic is: worker, working, work tools, workplace unchanged-----the operation from the construction of the technical and organizational point of view, process the most simple construction of the art of construction process, from the viewpoint of the labor process, the process can be broken down into action and action-based, fixed-time, as long as the content combined with calibration to process), work process (characteristic is: worker, workplace, and the materials and tools can transform-such as masonry wall River filler, plastering and painting), integrated work process (organizationally organic link together, and you can obtain a product of the sum of the construction process);
41, in accordance with the technical features can be divided into: circular construction with non-circular construction process
42. According to the use of tools, equipment for mechanization degree consists of the construction process and mechanical manually during construction
43, according to the nature of the construction process can be divided into: the building process, the installation process for the construction and installation process
44, construction of often used model analysis methods (physical model and the schema model and mathematical model, a common schema model)
45, schema model often used line graphs (applies to research your mobile work of construction process) and various flow process chart (for analysis and research on continuous operations of construction process)
46, motilin the purpose of the study is twofold: ⑴ improve complex operation method ⑵ training workers to have the concept of action; generally not used for other purposes
47, fixed time = basic work time + ready to end work time + auxiliary work time + rest + caused by technological characteristics of the inevitable disruption + casual work time + non-construction itself down time
48, construction itself stopWorking time is due to the poor, materials supply organization is not timely, face preparations time doing badly, workplace organization caused bad, etc.
Mechanical working time (46-47):
49, lost time = extra working hours + downtime (construction itself cause downtime, caused by the non-construction itself down time) + breach labour discipline time + work under low load time
50, you must consume time = effective working hours (normal load, informed reduces load) + inevitable no load time + inevitable break time (and process characteristics have a tube, and machine related, workers ' relaxing time)