【 Weak current College 】 fire facilities maintenance

All human activities such as production, life is not fired, but once you fire out of control, it will lead to disaster. In other words, the fire will benefit humankind, or you can make it hard work was destroyed, and even take away precious lives, destruction of social peace and prosperity. So, what caused the fire? first from the burning of the basic conditions.

Ignition, you must have the burning of three factors, namely, combustibles, such as clothing, paper, combustion, such as air, fire, or a certain temperature. Three such as organic combination, would cause a fire, then gradually spread, expanding, shaping fire.

Universal housing in large quantities of fuel, such as furniture, clothing, paper, oil, wine, fuel, timber and indoor decoration materials, etc.; also the existence of a variety of sources of ignition, such as stoves, smoke and fire; combustion air is ubiquitous. Therefore, the risk of fire is there anywhere, anytime.

It concluded by successive fires lessons found the cause of the fire, unless there are natural factors, such as lightning, natural, earthquake, fire, the more important and more see the fire was caused by human factors. Such as the use of fire, was accidentally; using gas, improper fuel, electrical equipment; throw cigarette butts are not dying, matches, incineration of waste, playing with fire, a slight negligence, it may cause a fire. Result of the above, there is a thought, some paralysis of the lack of fire safety knowledge, there is usually no fire ready, fire, panic, relying on a time, so that the spread of the plague. Therefore, as long as conscientiously fulfill the prevention primarily, anti-connections, "everyone to eliminate fire hazards, and actively do fire prepared for the discovery of fire, fire extinguishing, then quickly is avoidable.

Fire protection, fire-fighting is a social, scientific, technical, systems engineering are very strong, this section only on general housing of fixed fire safety facilities, talk about the use and conservation.

Universal housing of fixed fire-fighting facilities primarily for fire doors, fire hydrant, fire water tank, fire pumps, fire service lift, automatic fire alarm and detection; safety evacuation facilities mainly fire lighting and evacuation signage; electrical fire safety facilities mainly fuses and lightning protection equipment, etc.

First, fire doors

Fire door is separated from the activities of the fire. Usually in the firewall, the former rooms, corridors, stairs higher fire resistance rating of fire door. Fire door is important fire safety equipment, it is effectively blocked fire, evacuation of one of the important facilities. If a building evacuation staircases of location, format, fire resistance, and so consider very carefully the perfect, but if the fire door opening and close of refractory poor, poor or leak smoke blow the fire, may result in the whole complete stairs completely lose the evacuation.

Fire door by combustion performance non-combustion of fire doors and difficult to burn in the fire doors; press the open method has a hinged door, sliding door, hanging doors (lifting doors) and shutter.

China will fire doors is divided into three levels: category a shall be fire-resistant 1.2 hours for double-sided sheet in calcium silicate Board and ceramic cotton, mainly used for fire compartmentation of door entrance; category b shall be fire-resistant 0.9 hours, its structure as a plank single or double-sided nail asbestos plate and sheet metal, and some of the wood through the fire, the main preg processing in staircases, front room and fire the elevator door entrance; c should be fire-resistant 0.6 hours, mainly used for pipeline well access door.

Fire doors in the installation and maintenance management should note the following:

1. as a result of the fire could not be shut the door, fireproof door must be automatically closed, need to set up automatic door closer. The current automatic door closer in oil-and spring two categories, the former buffer pump enables the door slowly closes. For fire doors open to unidirectional more of oil-door top spring and single pipe spring hinges. Cannot be ignored is that this type of automatic door closer don't neglect it mounted on aisle (under fire surface) side to avoid the fire damage by high temperature. Do you want to ensure that sensitive and effective, if damage to the timely replacement.

2. usually is on fire doors, fixtures must be set to pass. Generally includes electromagnetic release switch or fusible alloy door seated in the side walls, fire power excitation (or power on health and will lock tongue magnetic absorption off) or burn the fusion of gold, the door is automatically turned off under the effect of the spring. It is important to note that you cannot use hooks or door card door fixed, fire panic will not close the door and easy cuanru pyrotechnics, thus enabling the aisle and stairway evacuation lost.

3. specially designed for the evacuation of the stairwell fire doors, usually for security in use are often locked. In order to solve the problem of fire and burglar may use electromagnetic lock: this floor personnel with the key opening into the fire by smoke for linkage or fire control, remote control and power circuits, lock tongue is in retraction of the magnetic field, it can be pushed open the door. Alternatively, you can set up simple mechanical push lever lock, whenever a push will open, people go out the back door is closed from the outside the rebound into the need to key in the open, it can prevent perpetrators into the building.

4. the two speed fire doors with bite for confined, if closed successively upside down you can't shut, and therefore must be set to control the door leaf off before and after the step sequencer.

5. fire door door handle, like must rotate in order to open with your hands, you may be in the fire-roasted hot and could not open the door. To do this use Rod lock, simply hand or the body it can be opened in squeeze.

6. to prevent the carpet or furnishings from stuck fire door, guaranteed in fire situations quickly opened sealed.

Second, fire hydrants and fire pump adapter

Fire hydrant is the town's main water source for the fire service. Fire hydrant into indoor hydrants and fire hydrant. Indoor hydrant installation in building fire tube online for indoor fixed fire-extinguishing equipmentSave the building fire. Hydrant installation in urban water pipe network for firefighting purposes. And the fire hydrant equipment is matched for hydrants connector and indoor hydrant box. Fire pump adapter is a fire engine to indoor water network supply water device.

Indoor hydrant is available to the fire pipe fire, interface with valve, to universal housing fixed fire-fighting facilities, usually installed in the fire box, and fire hose and water gun and other equipment.

The main materials for indoor hydrant, gray cast iron, valve by interface, hand wheel, etc. There are three types: SN — right angle single export-indoor hydrant, SNA — 45 ° single-export-indoor hydrant, SNS-indoor hydrant double outlet right angle. In the installation and maintenance management should note the following:

1. installation of the hydrant, according to the standard Atlas of water supply and drainage requirements for installation. Installation should pay attention to outlet direction to use when tipping water hydrants on double outlet, not connected with the application of the outlet plug cover.

2. when in the event of fire, quickly open fire box, take out the water zone and water gun, hose termination on the fire hydrant and the other end and connect, and then put the gun fire hydrant hand wheel plus open direction swing that can spray extinguishing fire. For water gun, hose and indoor hydrant has joined together, as long as you hold the water gun, pull the water with the fire hydrant hand wheel plus open direction swing that can spray extinguishing fire.

3. the usual should regularly check the indoor hydrant is intact, there is no corrosion and leakage phenomenon, the interface is intact, the washer aging should be replaced in a timely manner. Fire hydrant gun, hose connection is binding. The stem should always add oil to prevent valve stem rust. On long-term unused fire hydrant, to periodically check on the water, so that the valve turns the institutions turn the opportunity in order to ensure that emergency use can open flexible, does not affect the fire. Around the hydrant or jumbled mess on debris or unauthorized occupy in a way that interferes with the use.

Fire pump adapter for high-rise construction kit-owned fire facilities, to connect the fire truck, motor-pump to the pipeline transport in buildings fire water. Fire engine through the adapter interface, to building fire water supply system and gives water pressure, the Interior of the indoor hydrant or other fire extinguishing device with sufficient pressure water to put out the fire of the different floors, thus solving the high-rise building after fire extinguishing fire difficult or because Interior Interior fire water pipe water pressure, the water supply is insufficient or not.

The main fire pump adapter from bends, ontology, flange nozzle, flange elbow, interface, gate valves, check valves, safety valves and other accessories. Bends, ontology, flanges, flange nozzle pipe, and other major parts of the material is gray. Gate valve in the pipeline as a switch function, normally open. Check's role is to prevent backflow of water. Safety valve used to ensure that the pipeline pressure is not greater than 1.6MPa, clear water and damage to prevent accidents. On the water valve for discharge pipe water use within the EU, the corrosion preventing water freezing. Base supports the entire adaptor, and pipeline. Adaptor exposed ground portion of the coloured red alkyd enamel, painted black bituminous varnishes on the ground floor, surface coated with red lead phenolic in paint.

Fire pump adapter type: sq-ground fire pump adapter; SQX-type — the underground fire pump adapter; SQB-— walls fire pump adapter. These three types for installation in different places. Ground fire pump adapter, plug up the body and the interface with the goal of significant ground, easy to use. Underground fire pump adapter installed in the pavement does not occupy the place, especially suitable for cold areas. Walls of fire adaptor is installed in the building wall, wall only open three interfaces and decorative plate, clear, attractive, easy to use. In the installation and maintenance management should note the following:

1. in accordance with the requirements for installation. Use the fire pump adapter should fire water pipe and the water pipe separated to prevent pollution of water (e.g. unconditional guarantee, should also be used to disconnect). All parts of the connection and the connection with the underground pipes need to be sealed to prevent leakage. After installation, you should ensure that pipe, valve, the water valve and so on should be flexible. And hydraulic test pressure of 1.6MPa. On the water valve and safety valve and sewer overflow to other similarities to ditch out over water after release.

2. when an operation is to first open the manhole cover, turn on the water valve; and then loosen threaded fixed interface plug, connected with water supply by fire; used to open the drain valve cover well cover; take good sewage with screwed plug fixed interface.

3. fire pump adapter, you must set people management, regular maintenance, ensure that when used properly. The aging of the seals should be replaced in a timely manner. To prevent arbitrary bury, occupy fire pump adapter.

3. fire water tank and fire pumps

Fire water tank is in building outdoor water distribution system cannot always guarantee adequate indoor water supply pipeline pressure settings.

Low rise architectural indoor fire water tank should be stored for 10-minute indoor fire water. Fire water tank storage capacity, a building should not be less than 18 m, second class and a class of residential construction should not be less than 12 cubic meters, two types of residential construction should not be less than six cubic metres. Its installation height you must meet the most negative point by setting the water hydrant.

Fire water and other water merge using the same water tanks, should ensure that the fire with water is not to move it with technical measures, such as other water outlet high out of the fire water water surface; but when the fire water storage can only be the surface calculation in the following section.

Such as fire water tank cannot meet the most negative point fire hydrant water pressure, you can set the fixed fire-fighting pump or air pressure tank partial pressure. As far as using air pressure tank,Proven fire water quantity and water pressure. Where a fixed fire pumps, pressure of fire hydrants (including more than six layers of modular homes, more than five layers of other civil buildings and more than 4 levels of Treasury of each hydrant), set the distance the button for starting the fire pump; and in order to prevent the reverse flow of pressurized water into the tank, but also in fire water tank outlet check valve on the set.

Pressure tank is a fully automatic type of partial pressure water supply installations. The rationale is in the water pump and the water supply network pressure air between the creation of a storage tank. There are no two diaphragm and diaphragm. By air pressure tank, pump, motor, control cabinet, automatic gas appliances, air filter, pressure gauges and controller devices.

Pressure tank failure and troubleshooting see table 6-3-10.

Indoor fire pump is to guarantee the water supply network pressure and flow of machinery and equipment, in order to ensure the sustained fire water supply, fire pumps must meet the following requirements:

1. a set of fire control pump, at least two suction pipe, one fails, the rest of the suction pipe should still be able to meet the requirements of the fire service. High-pressure fire water supply system of each fire pump shall each have separate suction pipe.

2. the fire pump's suction pipe and outlet pipe, in order to facilitate inspection and maintenance, should generally be laying in ground water pump room; the valve should be located where the ease of operation and the need for clear and close flag.

3. the fire pump's suction pipe diameter should be not less than the fire pump inlet diameter.

4. the fire pump use since irrigation-water, to ensure the timely supply of the alarm should generally within 5 minutes after the start of work. In order to guarantee in all circumstances properly, you should set the two way power supply or power equipment used in internal combustion engines.

5. fire pumps and power machinery should connect directly, if you have difficulty, you can use for a period of not less than 4 triangular belt drive to prevent skidding.

6. fixed fire-fighting pump should generally be set alternate pump, the alternate pump capacity should not be less than the main pump.

7. fire pumps should be installed on the outlet pipe, valves and for testing, inspection of the drainage valve.

High pressure water supply system to maintain pressure in the fire pump, in normal operation, should strictly monitor or roving checks whether there are abnormal pump noise or vibration, bearing temperature exceeds the allowed values (maximum 75 ℃), the various monitoring instrument properly. Spare pump and temporary water supply system under high pressure pumps for irrigation, power equipment, etc., should be kept in good operational status, you can immediately start a fire.

IV. fire service lift

Fire service lift is tall buildings unique fire fighting facilities. General elevator in fires often stopped because the power off, and the firefighters to fight against climbing stairs, carried out by manual is insufficient and transporting equipment difficulties of relying on the effect of extinguishing the fire fighters and rescue the wounded. Therefore, you must set a fire in high-rise buildings, with a view to the fireman elevators in fires can quickly reach the fire suppression work layer to reduce fire losses and loss of life.

China provides a high building, tower houses and twelve storey residential unit and tonglangshi, and high 32 meters above the second class of high-rise buildings, the main floor of 1500 square meters in a setting of 1 bed fire elevator, 1500 ~ 4500 square meters should be set to 2, 3 desk set up more than you, and wish to separately in different fire zones settings.

When building a fire, all of the lift shall recall the first layer, if fire occurs in the first layer you stop at a nearly level, to be evacuated after a lock to stop using, and the fire service lift by firemen control inputs of fighting fire rescue. Firefighters instantly control button, or the private key into the toggle switches (usually are located on the first floor of the elevator door), the fire service lift also can return to the first floor for fire department use. Usually to their full potential, the fire service lift doubles as a service elevator.

Use fire elevator in installation and maintenance management should note the following:

1. in order to prevent smoke and intrusive wells road and car, fire the elevator must be set before the Chamber. At the same time, the first Chamber launching both fire department fire fighting base, and is to be disabled temporarily for ambulance refuge. Therefore, the front room and have protection, base and refuge, triple role. To facilitate the implementation of the function, the front room fire elevator shall not be appropriated for it or piling debris.

2. fire elevator car size should be able to accommodate a stretcher and several members of staff, it should not be less than the carrying capacity of 1500 kg, car-foot should not be less than 1.5 m × 2.0 m. Perfect car also equipped with communications, operations control, and other facilities, its internal decoration shall be non-combustible or nonflammable materials. In addition, it should also be equipped with emergency power supplies and emergency lighting.　　Usually these facilities to properly protect, prevent loss of damage, so as not to affect use. 3. fire elevator shafts and should set up a separate machine room, its own walls, as well as adjacent normal elevator shaft, the partition between the engine room should be a firewall on the doors, partitions should be a class a fire door. There should be at the bottom of the well road drainage measures to prevent the fire water flows in the well after effects properly. In order to exclude certain circumstances channeling the inflowing road, flue heat ventilation holes should be at the top. In addition, Wells road, also will not permit the use of cable laying, and retaining use of combustible materials and coatings, etc.

4. dedicated control button is unique to fire the elevator, it is located in first floor elevator door. To always check, always in a sensitive and effective State. In addition, leading to the fire service lift of the aisle to facilitate the smooth flow of dry, and maintain.

5. automatic fire detection and alarm equipment

Automatic fire detection and alarm equipment is modern fixed fire-extinguishing equipment is an important part of the general alarm by the detector, range and set alarms, etc. In case of fire, the fire detectorDisaster signal conversion to electrical signals and transmitted to the zone alarm by zone alarm signal transfer to set alarm.

The types of fire detectors, smoke more, thermal, optical and combustible gas detector, etc. What happens when using fire smoke detection devices called fire smoke detectors, commonly used ion sensing smoke detectors and optical smoke detector. Thermal detectors have fixed temperature and powerel-two categories. Photoelectric detector is also divided into two types of infrared, ultraviolet. Combustible gas detector not detecting the fire has occurred, but measured site in danger of combustible gases, reminder, there is a fire hazard.

Zone alarm from a few gate circuits and voltage power circuit. Zone alarm is used to monitor regional (or floor), probe input voltage signal is converted into sound and light alarm, and can display a specific number of fire room, supply voltage, output voltage detectors, fire alarm signal to the set and the operation of the fire-fighting and fire equipment.

Set alarm's role is to monitor a number of regional alarm input voltage signal to sound, light form displayed. Will the burning area and the region specific fire location displayed on the screen. In the alarm, the clock stopped going to record the first time the alarm time, the fire cause for investigation.

Different housing and different purposes, different places should choose different automatic fire detection and alarm equipment.

In the installation and maintenance management should note the following:

1. should strictly follow the automatic fire detection and alarm equipment manufacturing factory manual prepared by the relevant provisions of the installation, such as scope, environmental conditions, the protection of the area, installation height, etc. On its transmission line construction, the construction of electrical installation should comply with the specifications. And with strong electric cable laid separately, as far as possible to avoid electromagnetic interference may be incurred by region or equipment. All terminals should be securing good, not bad, injuries, etc. Into the tubes or wire insulation in laying wire line core (copper) section shall not be less than 0.75 square millimetres; use multi-core cables, single-wire cores (copper) section shall not be less than 0.2 mm square. Power supply for fire special power supply should be used with alternate DC power supply.

2. automatic fire detection and alarm equipment should be handled by specially trained personnel responsible for the use, management and maintenance of, unrelated officers shall not be arbitrarily touches. Watchkeeping officer on automatic fire alarm detection and alarm equipment, and parts of the unit the corresponding fire monitoring sites should be clear and straightforward layout. Equipment put in normal use, to ensure that run correctly, you must strictly follow the regular inspection system. Daily check: check the installation manually, check the various features (such as fire, failure function) is functioning, there is no light damage. Weekly check: main, test preparation power supply automatically converted. Half-yearly check: on all fire detectors for a practical simulation test, there is a failure of the fire detectors, should be replaced in a timely manner; for cable, junction box, equipment for Visual inspection, cleaning dust.

3. because of the automatic fire detection and alarm equipment line complex, technical requirements, and the production plant of product structure, line type and not quite the same, more the fault type and, therefore, in addition to the common fault, its maintenance should be performed by qualified maintenance personnel.

4. for general troubleshooting and inspection methods are: the main power failure, check the input power is good; there is no blow fuses, bad; standby power supply failure, check the charging device, the battery has damaged; line with wuduan line; detection circuit failure, check the circuit to fire detector wiring is intact, there is no fire detectors were removed, the Terminal supervisor had no damage; false fire, investigation of false positives of fire detectors at the scene without steam, dust and other effects of fire detectors working environment interference exists, if there is interference exists, you should try to exclude. For false positives frequently without other interference effects fire detectors working, this fire detectors should be replaced in a timely manner. To exclude not at fault, should immediately notify the professional maintenance units, so that as soon as possible repair, recovery work.

6. fire lighting and evacuation guidance standard

A building fire causing serious injury accident, while the reasons are manifold, but there are no accidents with lighting and evacuation signs also have certain relations. To prevent electric shock and by electrical equipment, lines expand the fire, the fire in time to cut off part of the fire and the fire partitions or entire building power, if no emergency lighting and evacuation signs among the people in the panic is chaos, and smoke effects, cause unnecessary loss of life. Practice shows that in order to protect the safety of evacuation, emergency lighting and evacuation signage is indispensable, especially concentration in tall buildings, premises, boot evacuation more necessary, such facilities must be guaranteed.

For emergency lighting and evacuation signs have the following requirements:

1. in addition to in corridors and staircases, and its former room fire elevator and the personnel-intensive areas and to set up emergency lighting, fire cannot blackout, must adhere to the work of establishments, such as power distribution unit, fire control, fire control pump room, own generator room, emergency lighting should be provided.

2. evacuation signs shall be located in the aisle of the wall and the corner, above the staircase of the door, and ring the aisle, their spacing should not be greater than 20 m, distance to 1.5 ~ 1.8 m, should write "EXIT" (export), and is red, the color is easy through the pyrotechnics and recognized.

3. in other countries, generally use the battery for emergency lighting and fire evacuation signs of power. Unified requirements using batteries are difficult to allow for the use of city power grid power supply, lighting voltage 220V voltage are also permitted uses; the electric power generation or battery, which uses time in more than 30 minutes. At present there are still two accidentsLighting the way: one is the recent production of portable emergency lighting, has been more widely used in construction. It usually hung on the wall in a charged state, once power off then glows, and can take down to mobile use; the second is fluorescent coating, has initially used for actual, its color is zinc sulfide, it can store and release the light and fluorescence no radiation. Now start as emergency lighting shall be equipped with emergency power and ease of use to good effect in the future in this regard will be further developed and applied.