【 Weak current College 】 construction project bidding Wai and accompany standard behavior analysis

【 Summary 】 defines the project bid Wai and accompany standard behavior, an analysis of various Wai and accompany standard behavior causes. By Wai-man of the whole process of analysis, study of the impact of the surrounding label-man, put forward various factors against Wai standard behavior of the measures and recommendations.

The so-called Wai standard refers to a bidder by a certain way, secret conspiracy with other bidders discuss bidding strategy, bid price, exclusive of fair competition in the other bidders to illegal means to win a bid. Wai standard behavior of sponsors as Wai-man, participate in Wai standard behavior of the bidders who called to accompany the tender. Wai standard is not mature building bidding market develops to a certain stage, a kind of corruption. Its a serious violation of the construction project bid fair, just, and selection principle, contrary to the purpose of bidding and disrupted the construction market in order to make the owner suffered unnecessary losses, individual people surrounding standard pockets.

1 construction project bidding in various surrounding and accompany standard behavior

1.1 Wai-man combined multiple contractors bidding up the price quotation for industry collusion Wai standard

According to Bertrand competition model, even if the market only two symmetric oligopoly enterprises, will also be in accordance with marginal cost pricing and get zero rule. This allows the contractor has a price reduction of the incentive to improve the technical and management level. However, in reality may go the other extreme-card he-model: If the first operation of A predictive enterprise to enterprise B when you see the choose "not undercut" will also select "not undercut", thus two enterprises through consultations on forming a price Alliance. This collusion in the bidding process for the further development of the surrounding label is behavior that Wai-man combined with multiple contractors bidding up the price quotation for industry conspiracy surrounding label.

1.2 a contractor number linked to Wai standard construction enterprises

In a construction project of the bidding process, some have no qualifications or aptitude lower units or individuals in order to improve the successful opportunity to host a number of qualified higher bidding, construction enterprises and do various different or similar proposals to all construction enterprises tender contract in the name of the project tasks. For a subject, on the surface, each tender body is different construction companies and project manager, the tender of content and form are also different, but the real bidders are accepting with a boss or, generally, is anchored by the most qualified higher State-owned construction enterprises. This phenomenon is due to the construction market qualification and personal qualified dual access, since the traditional concept of the factors that tend to focus on Enterprise qualifications at the expense of individual licensing. When the evaluation focuses on assessing Enterprise qualifications and strengths, and despise the project manager of quality, curriculum vitae and funds, equipment strength.

1.3 some competitiveness is not strong or loss due to livelihoods, but the accompanying Wai standard

China's current construction market exit mechanism is not perfect, the industry high exit barrier some competition is not strong or loss due to livelihoods to exit the building market, driven by a certain interests will choose to accompany the tender. Typically, impeding money-losing enterprises exit causes include asset specificity, exit of fixed cost, internal strategic linkages and affective disorders, etc. An asset specificity strong enterprise after exiting the industry, its capital is likely to be sunk in the capital, allowing enterprises to exit with a very high cost, so will participate in Wai standard human behavior surrounding label launched with a view to obtaining certain profits to support enterprise's survival.

2 Wai standard human decision-making process analysis

Surrounding the subject of chance: a is contracting Enterprise pursuit of maximum profits increase by Wai standard, once successful bid to get high profits. Second, building market "rent-seeking" behavior, called dark set aberrations. 3. construction construction enterprise implementation of the internal responsibility system of contracting out or deviant package escrow after lead to, or allows companies outside of the unit or individual contract management, thus a number of possible attachment behavior. Fourth, some competition is not strong or loss of construction enterprises in no way out, there is the potential market to accompany the tender. 5 bidding legal supervision, opportunists.

2.1 Wai standard cost analysis

(1) Wai-man on bidding, bid evaluation experts of bartering costs. Typically Wai standard first will get in touch with the tenderer, the tenderer and surrounding bidders agree agreement for money (real or currency). By bartering, the tenderer's commitment to the surrounding label people look for in kind or in money, with marked with label you want other people on the upcoming tender for bid project to develop bidding strategy with a view to a reasonable and legitimate programs to win the bid.

(2) Wai-man on the accompanying label people surrounding the subject of compensation cost. Typically Wai standard one would find in the construction market as the number of construction enterprises to accompany the bidders to participate in Wai, Wai standard and the accompanying label people reached a cooperation agreement, the participation to accompany the construction enterprises in the Wai-man's mandate under the identity of the bidder to General preparation of tender documents and the participation of surrounding label people organize tenderer's bid. In the entire process surrounding marked with label must strictly comply with bilateral cooperation agreements in order to ensure the smooth surrounding bidders bid, and the entire surrounding label activities remain confidential. After the success of the surrounding label, Wai-man given to accompany all tenders subject reimbursement as well as certain cooperation, all relevant here is that the cost fo the standard costs.
　　
2.2 Wai standard risk analysis

(1) Wai standard is an illegal act, there shall be a risk of OMV authorities punished, government agencies have the legal regulations expressly prohibited the collusion between contractors. The People's Republic of China bid article 32 of the Act provides that the tenderer may not bid collusion, shall not exclude other bidders of fair competition, to the detriment of the tenderer or the legitimate interests of the other bidders. Therefore, the whole process of surrounding activities with significant fines risk or forced to withdraw from the construction market risk.

(2) Wai standard itself is a process of multilateral participation in cooperative, each party will maximize the benefits in accordance with their own principles, Wai standard process there is a certain risk of cooperation betrays. Participating in Wai standard contractor cooperation between the parties is extremely unstable, in the General merchandise market game between the buyer and not the long term, while short-term and even one-time, participants always rationally, helpless tactic chosen betrayal. At the same time, the label during or after the surrounding label, because of the possibility of being dealt with, and participate in Wai standard all parties required to bear certain risks, which makes its trading revenue decline of expectations.

(3) Wai-not the risk of the bid. More than one is present, the surrounding label. caused no bidding The second is a stronger lead to successful bidders. The third is Wai standard behavior were found to result in the bid.

2.3 Wai standard expected income analysis

Assuming that the Wai-man and the ith Wai standard members are bartering is the amount of money or in kind to g, Wai-man and n Wai standard members money needed to pay the sum of the costs for M = ∑ Gi; assuming p is Wai-man Wai-not the probability of being dealt with, the Wai standard behavior is handled on probability for 1-P; assumes that the Wai standard bidders probability for ω, unsuccessful probability 1-ω; after the completion of the bid, the profit after the successful U; any links to be investigated and dealt with by penalties after loss to F, including quantification of non-financial penalties. In the tender procedure was found to be investigated and dealt with by penalties after loss to f, including quantification of non-financial penalties. According to effectiveness index, Wai N-M marked people expected income:

E=[（U-nG）P+（U-nG-F）（1-P）]ω-[nG（1-δ）+（nG+f）δ]（1-ω）。

The whole process of decision making surrounding plotting, as in Figure 1. According to the above analysis, it can be concluded:

(1) the size of the project profitability and surrounding the anticipated revenue is directly proportional to the size of the profit is generated around the subject of key factors. The more substantial profits, the more intense the behavior surrounding sign that some project emerged from a group of people surrounding the spectacle.

(2) the same punishment of size affects the surrounding the subject occurrence, when the punishment of a loss of over the surrounding label expected benefits can assume the maximum limit, Wai-Wai people will choose to exit.

(3) when Wai standard does not been investigated by the probability is very high, surrounding the subject of desire is strong. Therefore, increasing the intensity of surrounding the subject dealt with, the use of various means of methods to improve the transparency of the bidding process is to reduce the occurrence of surrounding marked an important step.

(4) the number of participating in Wai and total number, the higher the proportion of the tender, the tenderer and the participation of experts for bidding evaluation of subject works around more easily won the bid. In particular, when all the bidders have become members of the Group surrounding label, Wai bid bidders probability equals 1, then all of the evaluation procedures, rules, content shall cease to have effect, bid a mere formality.

(5) whether the increase in the number of surrounding label, or bribery charges, Wai standard costs of the inputs are increased, resulting in a decline of surrounding label expected benefits, the probability of surrounding marked decline.

3 combat Wai standard behavior of the measures and recommendations

(1) preparation of high-quality base. Hire good, good reputation, strong cost consulting agencies prepare base price and the quantities, to produce a base price of the Community average, prevent overestimated the risk to prevent the occurrence of engineering defined, lowering expectations surrounding the subject.

(2) in the tender documents of bid evaluation procedures, in addition to the tender of longitudinal compliance assessment should also strengthen the tender document of a compliance review. At present, the bid evaluation method of conformity assessment is often focused only on the tenderer's independence of the judges, i.e. vertically on the tenderer's bid documents including business compliance and technical compliance for independent checks to see whether the various tenders in response to the tender documents essentially all of the terms, conditions, there are no significant differences or reservations, call the longitudinal assessment. Relative to the assessment of the tenders in the process of checking comparison, called horizontal compliance review. Through a tender portrait of preliminary compliance review to find out the standard behavior, eliminating unfair competition of the tenderer to enter the next phase of bidding, construction bidding markets, and irregular units according to the tender law for administrative penalties.

(3) to support and encourage private construction enterprises and copy system construction enterprises to set up and grow to rely on technical superiority and the Korea brand effect of direction of benign development, and gradually reduce trade exit barriers.

(4) in the current construction market dual access institutional basis, and gradually weakening business unit of qualification, and strengthen a licensing (such as project managers or architect) market access system. The strict implementation of construction licenses and quality supervision system, on the successful construction project manager, entry and construction process, the non-exceptional circumstances may not be replaced, otherwise press "subcontractors".

(5) under normal circumstances, it is prohibited to comprehensive evaluation method of bidding, advocated a reasonable price bid by the successful tenderer. First, you can prevent bidding time bribe of experts for bidding evaluation of subject to Wai and beat the high scores on the other bidder low scores of injustice. Second, you can prevent the successful unit gets defined, the lower the expected yield of surrounding the subject.

(6) the members of the Wai standard penalties, including economic, administrative and criminal penalties, the lower the expected income of surrounding the subject. Especially for people with tender, participate in Wai of tender and bid evaluation experts, while participating in Wai standard to the Government or the damage caused by the enterprise itself may be significantly higher than G, but because of the flowers is the cost of Government or business, but can be Gi, the standard behavior of no budget control. Therefore, subject to all of the accompanying penalties, in expected revenue certain conditions improve G can reduce the occurrence of the phenomenon of surrounding label.

(7) increase the number of bidders shortlisted, reducing the probability of winning bid; tender documents to conform to the bidder with a random drawing of pumpingRemove all entries; the experts for bidding evaluation of experts in a random drawing, offsite experts for bidding evaluation of bids for tender evaluation system locally; the tenderer is not allowed to participate in the bid evaluation; increase the number of experts for bidding evaluation, variable 5-bit evaluation experts for 7 people, or even nine.

(8) open tendering, prevent the tenderer to tender on behalf of the invitation only invited Wai standard were participating in the tender.

(9) enhancing the transparency of the bidding process, reduce Obscura and strengthening supervision is an effective prevention measures. Discipline inspection and supervision departments to coordinate various tender Center, management and supervision; for not tender, tender or allergic public tender for the invitation to tender for a special examination of the project. Discipline, supervisory personnel to participate in the tendering procedure as a whole, the legality of the tendering procedure, whether of experts for bidding evaluation according to the rules in the expert library extraction, whether by the bid to bid, bid evaluation is fair, as well as any other staff, within which the intervention. Setting up a report box, telephone hotlines, announced on the Wai standard behavior of bidding works came to the protection of whistle-blowers and reward.