【 Weak current College 】 quantities of standardization of (a)

Project list (BillofQuantites, B.Q. single), also known as the engineering scale; fill in the bidder's bid price after the formation of quantities or the price list, bid constitute an important part of the contract documents. Owners and contractors in nearly all economic relationship is through the forms of quantities are related. Therefore, B.Q. single in occupies a unit price contract file is special and important role. This article is intended to study price contract conditions of standardized form to the list of engineering science, function, price performance and usage, as well as the current implementation of the quantities in question and the response of engineering pricing reform ideas and direction.
1. the quantities of form and function
1. quantities is the tenderer in accordance with certain rules of metering will contract engineering projects and content of all the works site, nature rational decomposition in order to clearly works of the content and scope, and send the contents of a set number of quantity breakdown. Quantities is one of the contract documents, it reflects a relatively independent of the main elements of the project and estimate the quantity, usually every body project for the object, press the sub-project project lists works.
The quantities according to their price integrated content, can be divided into three forms:
(1) comprehensive price method. Price includes complete the breakdown of the artificial fee, material fee, machinery, management, earnings, taxes, etc. List items can be divided according to the content of different start-up grant projects, projects and programmes of the Nikko 3 classes, characterized by the insurance, temporary facilities, and other start-up costs projects separate columns.
(2) the full cost of the unit price method. Price is only artificial fee, material fee, machinery, management, earnings, taxes, and includes insurance, temporary projects, and other start-up costs.
(3) the quantity unit price method. Price only includes artificial fee, material fee and machinery costs, so it is called direct fee price method.
The quantities according to their different valuation methods can be divided into two categories: one category is the "price (UnitPrice or Rate) valuation project. Its characteristics are to project entities as objects, the number of quantity is the estimation, the actual quantities measured by actual measurement. The other is the "key" (the Sum or L.S) lump sum price projects, mainly start-up costs, such as temporary facilities, insurance, etc., its characteristics are not directly form the solid engineering, occurring early in the project in General and relatively independent. Typically, there will be a "price" and press the "items" lump sum price mix two ways, integrated unit price method is a typical example.
2. the quantities of items.
(1) list of items is divided to clear, concise, and generally to facilitate bidding, measurement and payment. Inventory, the key is to divide the "project" (Unit), to be simple and clear, with a high degree of generality, concise entries; do not leave out the project and the contents of the valuation should be.
(2) and use of measurement methods and technical specifications. Different measuring methods or technical specifications, the part of the project and sub-project contains not identical; on specific works of quality standards, engineering properties and other requirements are different, different quantities.
(3) to permanent works you can create project entities sub-project, maintain competitive bidding. The cost of the project can be divided into solid engineering and construction costs, but the list creation should generally be to form solid works of sub-project, and construction methods, accessible means, sex work as ancillary works not listed separately, conducive to bidders propose science, advanced construction plan, maintain competitive bidding.
(4) to maintain the fairness of a contract, for the good management of the contract. Project breakdown can reduce the breakdown can be measured, but inclusive is too big to play to the advantages of unit price contracts, not easy to change treatment; Alternatively, you can make payment cycle extend, and ultimately influence the normal performance of the contract and the contract of the fair. Breakdown of small increases the quantity measurement, prone to repeat and omissions.
3. the role of the list.
(1) a contract relating to the quantities of sufficient information for bidders to provide a common, equal competitive bidding basis. Bidders not necessary to spend time and energy to calculation and verification of quantities, but also do not have to bear the risk of project access. At a base price of the tender, the list was compiled on the basis of minimum bid, so that the preparation of the tender offer price bottom and have a common basis.
(2) provide for an interim payment, settlement, and determine the price or the engineering change process claims. In the project implementation process, in accordance with the corresponding item in the list, the price or prices to calculate the interim payment and settlement payments, you can use or reference list price to determine new or claim unit price and price.
(3) provide reasonable division contract risk carrier. In a single valuation tender B.Q, owners of quantities change risk liability of the contractor the reasonable organization construction risk liability, thus it¡¯s helpful for making appropriate and reasonable price.
Second, the quantities and price of properties
1, the price of fixed. Quantities in the tendering stage only as a basis for common tender bid, the bidder to complete the price becomes tender quantities or the price table, the tenderer through the bid book way to confirm that the quantity unit price shall have legal significance, not free to change.
2, price variability. Fixed the "price" means the provisions of the contract conditions, the price is fixed; however, changes in the terms of the contract, such as: construction conditions change, engineering changes, additional work, speed up the construction and other conditions, will be agreed upon price, for a reasonable claim compensation.
Price changes of three types: one is the project change, as it affects the way is divided into two types: (1) the contract changes, i.e. through the contract files be modified so that the changing nature of work; (2) engineering change, makes the workload and the occurrence of the original contract numberSubstantive changes, which price does not apply. Second, price adjustments subsequent regulatory changes so that the bidder is declared in the price of the underlying changes in the birth. Third, the claim for costs. Usually the contract price, adjusted to the total amount of form, but it is still a price change.
3, the price is comprehensive. Also known as inclusive, on the one hand, refers to the price value of the form, that is, price includes complete the breakdown of the artificial fee, material fee, machinery, management, earnings, taxes, etc., as well as the contract express or implied liability, obligations and risks. On the other hand, refers to the price contains the contents of the project or work, that is, the price in accordance with the regulations contained substantial projects, construction measures and auxiliary work. As mentioned earlier, the quantities according to their price integrated content can be divided into 3 different forms, while the price of a comprehensive general rules through standard engineering measurement or technical specifications in terms of valuation.
4. price of dependencies. Price of dependencies refers to the price of validity and tender contract initial state highly interdependent. Price of dependencies is the incompleteness of the contract. Since the project's distinctiveness, long-term, complexity, and other characteristics determine the incompleteness of the contract, the contract cannot be exhaustive on various matters shall be clearly defined.
Both parties through a series of agreements, including the General conditions, special conditions, technical specification (specification), design drawings, etc., on specific rights, obligations and risks of the project scope and nature of work and quality standards, measurement and payment terms, the list price of connotation and denotation, initial state to define, thus forming the basis of the contract. At the same time, specific contract in implementation of various events occur in the adjustment process and adjust method, the introduction of supervision, DRB (World Bank's DRB) and DAB (FIDIC's dispute adjudication Committee), arbitration, and other third parties assisting the supervisory mechanism of the contract and claim system, constitute the entire contract management structure.
For this reason, the contract is essentially an initial agreement with a series of adjustment processes and adjust method. Price in the initial conditions of the contract remain the same under the terms of the contract (including the business, legal, economic and technological changes, price also with the change. In other words, the price is contractual conditions of highly positive function.