【 Weak current College 】 based on telecommunications networks in the home gateway

First, the home networking and home gateway overview
　　
Home Gateway (HomeGateWay) also known as RG resident gateway, is the realization of various devices within the home network and the external device to communicate with the device, and is home networking in the core components. Through the device in the home network, and interact with information telecommunication networks, or you can conduct an internal device information interaction. Home Gateway within the family to establish a unified data processing centre, on the data within the family, the external connection operator network. RG Forum organized on a residential gateway is defined as: a simple, smart, standard, flexible throughout the home network interface unit, you can select from various external network receive traffic signal, the signal is passed through a home network to all devices.
　　
Next generation network (NGN) is a business-driven networks. The family currently used to consolidate multiple digital application device access home gateway's award-winning attention. Its driving forces on the one hand comes from the user's business requirements, on the other hand is carrier of all ages.
　　
To the user, along with high-speed broadband Internet access and home PC's popularity, more and more digital multimedia devices such as notebook computers, mathematics, TV, mobile, fixed line, as well as other consumer electronic products, it is often necessary to at the same time by different network access to the Internet. At the same time, a user on network quality cheap service, such as Bluetooth VoIP phone services, business services, IPTV makes home gateway application is launched automatically. Home gateway allows users to easily set up a home network, intelligent connections, and to facilitate the management of the family and outside the network and multimedia equipment.
　　
On operators, the residential gateway is upgrading its business on individual user penetration best weapon is its access network extensions and extension. Through a home gateway, operators can shorten the distance with the users themselves to facilitate new business and value-added business expansion. Home gateway can make operators from past the "last mile" to today's "last ten meters". In addition, due to the mobile network to fixed network operators to block the alternative, fixed-line operators will actively promote the FMC. FMC as its out optimization tool. FMC's Fusion for three levels of integration, including the integration of the Terminal side. Fixed and mobile networks of fusion, FMC systems require extensive home gateway terminal equipment. This will further contribute to home gateway standard promulgated and technology matures. United Kingdom and France Telecom Telecom BT FT business of FMC is a typical family network guanchenggong commercial cases. Therefore, you can view the family network is a fusion of the network, which combines fixed and mobile network.
　　
Second, the residential gateway reference model
　　
Based on the telecommunications network of home gateway must have two main features is the ability to provide broadband access and IP-based data processing. Home gateway is in the Centre of the home network, so in addition to meet user needs to consider its flexible extensibility. This can ensure that users of investment, but also to meet evolving business needs. Family network should include the following network entities: network access functional entity (NAE), responsible for the end of the access technology; home network core functional entity (HCE), is responsible for completing the core family networking features, including the networking of domestic devices, remote management, QoS, security, etc.; function processing entity (FPE) non-IP/IP conversion, as well as the signaling and media format conversion; user terminal functions, entity (EUTE) used directly by the user, provide a user interface (UI). The physical device on your home network can be divided into 4 categories: access network terminal equipment, home gateway, adapter device, user terminal equipment. Which adapter device complete non-IP devices to IP network transformation access feature.
　　
Home Gateway provides business has the following categories:
　　
(1) broadband access of family communication within the family and family communication is the most basic services, including telephone services, such as fixed telephone, VoIP, mobile phone, PHS and other voice calls. According to its characteristics, communication is mainly divided into family communication between internal members, family and the outside world of communication.
(2) the family entertainment and information services home entertainment is the telecom operator's expansion in the area of traditional communications. With IT vendors, appliance manufacturers, as well as radio and TV content providers with home entertainment further Telecom information delivery capabilities. Information business mainly meet family members on the domestic and external demand, and obtained through a variety of convenience for business and personal gain.
(3) Home Office with remote access to corporate networks and home office environments through the arrangement of fax machines, network printers and other equipment, using teleconferencing telephone immediately Coordination Office involved in the enterprise.
(4) the smart home service realization of intelligent home has far exceeded the scope of the telecommunications field, currently the biggest difficulties are not technical factors, but require different industry manufacturers coherence, concerted efforts to accelerate the development process.
　　
From the application point of view home gateway should have two basic functions: connect all external public networks and family as a bridge between the internal network; enable users in the family can get all kinds of family services platform. Logically home gateway should include three functions: access features, business and administrative functions. From function can be seen in home gateway basic requirements: access on must have the Wan side of the interface and the LAN-side interfaces; on the business function must have a voice, data, and other business support capacity and application scalability; management functions must provide end-to-end security guarantee, provide QoS based on business level as well as remote management. Therefore, you can set the home gateway as several functional modules, access function module mainly for home networking and telecom network connection; networking module mainly for homeDivision of internal users the connection between the terminal equipment; transfer function module mainly for home networking equipment and telecommunications networks IP packet transmission; core functional modules, including the address of the function, QoS capabilities, security features, remote management capabilities, local management capabilities, including the address function main realization residential gateway to obtain its own IP address, as well as support for families to obtain an IP address inside the Terminal, the QoS feature is intended to achieve more business flow processing and forwarding of the classification, main security features to prevent the external network to access the home network and the internal network of illegal access, remote management, mainly for operators on home gateway for remote management and control, such as the Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) method TR069 network management technology, local management main home gateway log on locally; manage and control business function modules and public telecommunication network business implementation-dependent. Business, its features are associated with specific business.
　　
3. home gateway technology
　　
Home gateway technology mainly access technology, QoS policies, security, management, and module integration and price/performance ratio. 1. the home gateway access technology
　　
Home Gateway must support both WAN and LAN access. Current home gateway uplink unified interface and specification standards are under development, but also need to determine a lot of open optional technology. For the purposes of the access technology, xDSL and fibre technology is preferred, and future trends in home network to enable wuxianhua based on wireless LAN Wi-Fi or Bluetooth technology should also be widely used. The user can select a home wireless network with wired access this traditional model. In addition, access technology also need to consider is and 3 g network as well as the combination of the post and 3 g network. Current European research on some carriers are integrated into the home network UMTS network, as an extension of the 3 g network. Each home gateway is similar to a simplified small micro-cell. Through a dedicated access channel 3 g network (EVDO, WCDMA or HSDPA), to provide any type of cellular services, such as voice, Internet access, downloading, IPTV, etc. Through wireless access to the network, overcome TD-SCDMA 2GHz frequency of fading, the residential gateway as a small "base station". At the same time, due to interference environment confined to relatively small areas, the use of HSDPA and EVDO technology can achieve several Mbit/s transfer rate. The benefits of doing so on the one hand, you can do to overcome TD-SCDMA walking mobile fading, networking of complex issues; on the other hand mobile communication terminal does not need to dual-mode terminal can also use the indoor and outdoor 3 g wireless network. At the same time, the home gateway also requires integration within a variety of network connectivity technologies such as WLAN, Ethernet and UWB, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, and so on.
　　
2. home gateway QoS policy, management and security
　　
Home gateway is an advanced integrated gateway and to implement integrated collaboration home network, a necessary requirement for a uniform set of QoS policy. The individual elements of the home network, including gateway, family terminal devices, network nodes, while supporting such a set of hierarchical QoS structure. From the horizontal level, in order to work together, within and outside the network need to provide a mapping of QoSWAN/LAN; from a vertical perspective, access network and upper-layer protocols need QoS interface and collaboration. At the same time, due to the different business needs after a home gateway, how complex networking mode, distinguish between different business flow, on different priority business streams appropriate scheduling on QoS offers very high requirements. Home gateway as part of the operator's network, you must have the remote control, remote monitoring, remote setting, etc. Home network management including the gateway's own management, gateway connection device management and zero-touch service of plug. Home Gateway management want users to participate in the less the better. Current remote management protocol primarily TR069 and simple network management protocol (SNMP), management systems based on TR069 will gradually become mainstream. At the same time, as a family unit connection broadband network, residential gateway to protect the security of your home network, so the heavy responsibility, the gateway must possess anti-hacking, intrusion prevention capabilities. Home gateway security primarily from three aspects to consider: device security, personal information management and information control filtering.
　　
3. home gateway module integration and price/performance
　　
Applied to the different occasions of home gateway represents the different types of products to meet specific needs, such as cable modems, set-top box, etc. combined with broadband modem to provide some of the specialized services of special family devices. Home gateway should integrate different types of applications, but because of external access network of the different characteristics, different service providers of different business models, as well as issues related to business, residential gateway unified solution cannot be reached within a short period of time. Telecom carrier development home gateway the biggest problem is how to integrate the modules to meet the needs of different users. Home gateway, but how on-demand, adapt to business development and rich demand also challenges the carriers existing operational mode. Therefore, the primary domestic business development presupposes resolve home gateway personalized questions, how to minimize the module combinations to meet the needs of most users. In addition, the residential gateway is facing the most significant issue is the demand and the balance between price, operators want the device to provide as many features to facilitate business and hoped that the lower the prices for the better, but the manufacturer's price far exceeded the expectations of the operators. But there is reason to believe that as a gateway to family and family network-related standards, individual manufacturers for product-related functionality to a common understanding, to produce cost-effective and feature-rich home gateway, in promoting and training of operators, the home network will quickly become a telecom business revenue in part to open the win-win situation.
　　
IV.Home Gateway prospect
　　
With the rise of home networking, home gateway's research work is in full swing. As has been the lack of uniform standards, appropriate product performance, restricted the home gateway for further development. Therefore need to refine and modify home gateway standard, through the industry chain are in different sectors of manufacturers promote, home gateway mature applications will be just around the corner.
　　
The rise of the family network, its core is a residential gateway. Development of home gateway helps operators mining access portal value, creating comprehensive competitive advantage. The entire Telecom business operational value chain, operators should be from the original simple access to integrated information services. Next generation networks and convergence of the three networks is the trend, home gateways and carriers provide service, provides the integration will bring home more comfortable, efficient, convenient and safe, thus forming a complete set of family information service system. Home gateway, already with faint show new Regal posture.

【 Weak current College 】 decoration decorated home flea

Home flea is relative to the home lighting power 220 volt strong electric, the voltage in the 36-volt electrical safety. With the development of scientific and technological level, the traditional concept of home power fundamental changes also occurred, intelligent, entertainment, network, the security of the new concept gradually implanted in people's thinking. For this home flea power similar to project power also points the following categories:

1. communication network – in addition to telephone and broadband network, the home has (no) line LAN building, the AP AP, home appliance lighting intelligent control point of the settings for your fashion home convenience.


2. home entertainment — in addition to cable TV, DVD, AV entertainment, network TV, satellite TV, high definition TV, pay TV, you'll build new (no) line AV, VGA, HDMI, can give you the entertainment.


3. Security and remote control-infrared intelligence alarm system, intelligent lock, remote monitoring, and other settings as you unlock the extra worries.


4. home intelligent-SMART home design make you foot doesn't go out to work to shopping to the doctor's wish come true.

【 Weak current College 】 cabling and smart home

Smart home wiring needed some smart home wiring should be said that a small cabling system. It can serve as a perfect intelligent community part of the comprehensive wiring system, or you can completely separate as a set of comprehensive wiring system. Smart home wiring system function, for it is from the intelligent home system is the basis of the transmission channel. At present, domestic and foreign manufacturers of cabling for smart home market with solutions and products. There are also some specialized in the production of the smart home wiring box manufacturers to enter the market.

Smart home wiring to reference design cabling standards, but its structure is relatively simple. Smart home wiring main reference standard for home cabling standard (TIA/EIA570-A). TIA/EIA570-A proposed requirements are primarily to provide a new generation of domestic telecommunications cabling to present and future of telecommunications services. Standard key for wiring a new level, and to establish a distribution medium basic norms and standards, the main application support voice, data, images, video, multimedia, home automation systems, environmental management, security, audio, TV, probes, alert and radio services. Standard key planning for new construction, the new device, a residential and buildings, etc.

Current applications more is to implement the four functional modules, including modules for high-speed data networks, telephone voice system module, cable TV network module, sound module. Smart home wiring system has the advantage of the service for the family, the ability to centrally manage the various features of family services; support for video applications, voice, data and monitor signal transmission; high-bandwidth, high-rate; flexibility and high reliability, compatibility and openness; easy to adapt to network management; present and future development; neat appearance. It can bring greater benefits, including increased domestic competitiveness; small investment, quick; residential district in the early installation costs; intelligent management and reduce operating costs, more comfortable and more modern life.

Smart home wiring products can be described as intelligent home in the most basic products, and many other smart home systems are based on the intelligent home wiring system to complete the transmission and distribution cable management, including broadband access system, family communication systems, home LAN, home security systems, home entertainment systems. Therefore a popular saying "start from wiring intelligent home" was very insightful. As end users may not care about wiring product production specification, transmission technology parameters, but it is important to understand the home wiring material types and materials match the method. OK, now we have the basic elements of the home wiring begins to get to know some of these products.

1, twisted pair (Twisted-Pair). Twisted-pair cable is now the most common transfer media, which consists of two mutually insulated copper wire, typical diameter of 1 mm. Two line splicing together in order to prevent its electromagnetic induction in the adjacent line of interference in the signal. Existing twisted-pair cable in General consists of 4 twisted pairs, specific to white Orange/Orange, white/blue, white and Green/Green, white, Brown/Brown. Cabling construction way home in strong electric wire dark reason lay hidden in the wall project. Due to network a wide variety of data, voice, audio and video cable types are more and more thin, therefore, we should pay special attention to the need for threading, and to timely quality identity to avoid termination confused.

2 wiring construction must be professional. Construction of intelligent home system involves weak integration expertise, at present, the wiring system quality accident occurred at the end of 90 per cent of the connection. Therefore, be sure to call the professional company construction, avoid leaving quality implications.

3 cable products focus on quality. Cable quality direct impact home wiring system. Cable long buried in the wall, not arbitrarily change, poor-quality products in the utility will gradually expose problems, causing the system may not function properly. If secondary wiring, the waste of resources.

【 Weak current College 】 Villa design "eight livable index"

If you live in Villa because space wall of noise effects, space and the space between each other, the transmission of sound to hear very clearly; if this is your home for the elderly and children, and public spaces with their room everywhere full of obstacles and corners; if you want to enjoy the kitchen of Super audiovisual and entertainment network, and device and circuit control cable does not satisfy the needs of your fashion ... Then your villa decoration and luxury, but also those who never and comfortable. What kind of space design is suitable for residential villa design? from city planning to community environment to House living, interior space design is the impact on the living comfort of the Villa.

Livable Villa what features interior design?

The "humanization of care," to design the core, according to the space character and the villa owners of individual needs, lifestyle targeted innovation design.

By owners of deep-seated needs of mining, for owners to provide Visual affective, behavioral, environmental security and space, life style, the design of the eight aspects of care.

A, safety and security of

From the security and protection, water heating gas and barrier-free design, and other aspects of security design, life does not have to worry about.

1. detached villa is located in the quiet, I often worry about security issues?

Smart home systems, the security system to ensure the safety of the Villa and the owner, the owner was not at home when you can automatically start the fire alarm, combustible gas leak alerts and alarms, and eliminate the worries of the master.

2. my family's kitchen is open, the children often near the kitchen utensils, how to ensure safety.

Kitchen cupboard door safety open method:

Credit card-style door: inside the blooming of sharp edged tool. Usually the door is locked, open door card on the left drawer cabinets, you need to open the Cabinet, the card gently to a brush.

No handle door magnet adsorption principle applied to showcase appearance retention perfect straight line, avoid the handle might give children bring rubs.

Second, environmental protection, hierarchical integrity

Emphasizes environmental protection scope and depth, realized on the senses, indoor environment, health and environmental protection.

1. my wife and I have often invited some friends to come and visit, enjoy barbecue courtyard, garbage should do?

The courtyard is a small community, in a social gathering, the garden of swill should have the specialized treatment, BBQ area and garden corner set up reception of boxes and concealed the garbage can, is the realization of the living environment of a beautiful and healthy.

2. basement ventilation is not good, I worry about some wall paint cause air pollution, harmful to health.

Water-based coatings and environmental PuTTY are environmental performance better wall processing materials, or use the wallpaper and diatomaceous earth materials.

Third, the individuality demand satisfaction

According to family members of a particular lifestyle and individual tastes, space, Visual, functional and emotional needs of the design.

1. I have a second layer of Villa sizable balcony, balconies to take full advantage of it?

Terrace and garden in public space play different roles, courtyard, balcony should be dynamic and static campus landscape planning. The balcony is a continuation of the indoor lifestyle, if you like reading, you can set the balcony designed to your study room or reception, if you like, you can set the balcony into your garden in the air ... According to the preferences of the use of the advantages of balconies quiet xianqu meets your individual needs.

2. I really like reading, can in villas kitchen established a bookcase?

The open kitchen of the large space of the bookcase has become a possibility, you can customize the size, the bookcase in bookcase on some of my favorite book, enjoy a delicious afternoon tea while reading an own fond of books; Super disc enthusiasts can put the disc in the bookcase, enjoys a quiet, self reading experience.

Fourth, the Visual enjoyment of

Villa of Visual design mainly reflected in the indoor gardening and Landscape Association, the light changes, plastic art of harmonious and overall style coordination, color contrast and accessories of the mechanism of effect five areas. Is the master for Visual comfort.

1. I like the feeling of duplicating, how the introduction of green vegetation Villa kitchen?

As an important meeting place, Villa kitchen must reflect the owner of aesthetic taste, whether it is from an aesthetic point of view, or in order to purify the air in the kitchen planted into plants green is good choice, duplicating plant not only ease the nerves, also have good decoration effect. You can introduce a large tub of plants, but also can be used as a panache, kitchen space green small pot.

2. audio-visual room style, color and how design is the most comfortable?

If an audio-visual room in the basement, the color should not be excessive stimulation, elegant and clean colors can give people relaxing feel, to alleviate fatigue also have benefits of vision. Overall, audio-visual room and other space-like, it should be noted that the overall style of uniform and owner's preferences.

5. emotional care degree

Space design for the master degree of emotional needs met, can be mild, inclusive host's emotional, family members of Exchange and communication more harmonious. I just bought a new House, I want to live with my parents to, in their decoration bathroom is what details to consider?

In the old renovated bathroom, we should consider the following issues:

Corner treatment in tact.

A variety of devices to be relatively low, reduce the old man range of movement.

The ground of non-slip handling, more safety handle。

6. Rui life achievement degree

The new lifestyle of development and implementation.

My wife and I always invite your friends to audio-visual room guest, but I think the Club content single, how to solve?

In addition to the audiovisual room, set about tasting table, shower, gymnasium, actresses to cutting-edge lifestyle. In audio-visual room next to design a cigar-smoking for the host and hostess tasting chat can be in separate Spa room, enjoy a massage, aromatherapy and beauty.

7. conduct space features convenient degree

Reflect external traffic and indoor garden and indoor space traffic lines of patency, order is coordinating organized, convenient and user-friendly.

1. the night to urinate easy, bedroom lighting should be how to layout?

The lighting is very important in my bedroom, you should partition lighting. In the bedroom accommodation section to set the primary light relative bright, bed room, not set main lights, available through the ceiling, bed side through the ceiling area lighting, wall lights and table lamps, floor lamps, and the demand by convenient angle lamp nearby gets soft warm light source, lighting does not affect other people rest, Villa bedroom design requirements more circumspect.

8. technology energy-saving and intelligent

Interior equipment and construction technology of scientific and technological content and energy level. Mainly reflected in the intelligent home system.

Villa heating device should have a more professional, user-friendly features?

Floor heating is the preferred Villa heating, especially with soft circuit design of the heating, even in the bathroom and the windowsill, warm and pleasant. The Villa also should pay more attention to the safety and health to warm.

【 Weak current College 】 decoration on domestic intelligence which comprehensive wiring suggestions

With the recent residential broadband network for rapid development and popularization, modern family of telephone lines, TV cables, network cables, audio cables, alarm signal lines, lines more and more, the complicated, therefore become urgent family wiring needs. Now home cabling system — household light current total management of bins are gradually accepted by consumers. However, how can we build a suitable for their own smart home? according to experts, the family spirit "intelligent construction should be skills-oriented, right ahead" principle, according to their needs and spending power, choose different solutions:

1) Foundation: in the main hall, room telephone, network, cable TV and video export.

2) extended type: in a room all rooms installed telephone, Internet outlet, in the main hall, room installation cable TV and video export, domestic lighting, automatic control, and security interface layout magnetometer, gas leaks, smoke alarm, microwave infrared detector alarms, Visual/non-Visual interphone, etc.

3) luxury: indoor all needs and possible location to install telephone, network, cable TV and video export, domestic lighting, automatic control and security interface layout magnetometer, gas leaks, smoke alarm, microwave infrared detector alarms, Visual/non-Visual interphone, network monitoring, remote control, and other home appliances.

If the budget is not comfortable, you can install a standard "smart home line box", and planning, laying a good enough lines, to form a basis for the "intelligent home wiring system", so that both can immediately apply in the future, you can easily replace, configure more powerful intelligent line box.


Power cabling project example:

Sunny, a residential area a 180-square penthouse structure housing.

ELV-point design:

Cable TV: living room, kewo, children's room, master bedroom, dining room and main bathroom. Satellite TV: living room and master bedroom (separate wiring, other rooms can be shared via AV distribution satellite programs). AV system: living room, kewo, children's room, master bedroom, dining room and main bathroom. Phone: living room, den, kewo, children's room, master bedroom, dining room, kitchen, main bathroom and a guest toilet. Broadband: living room (two offices), kewo, study room, children's room, master bedroom, kitchen, main bathroom. Background music: master, kewo, children's room, dining room, kitchen, main bathroom and a guest toilet (separate for each room you can control the volume size).

Magnetic window: balcony 3, magnetometer: entrance 1, gas leaks: 1, smoke alarm: 3, infrared alarm probe: living room, den, kewo, children's room, master bedroom and 5, screen curtain infrared alarm probe: balcony 1, emergency buttons: four.

Visual/non-Visual intercom: Visual 2, a non-Visual (upstairs); home telephone PBX 2 into 1 to 8 or 8 out of 1 (optional); alarm: 1.

Total ELV point: 57; wiring length: 900 metres (all dark line); construction period: 7 days.

Debugging results: all rooms can watch cable TV, satellite programs shared AV and; user applications, ADSL, ETHERNET or ISDN line each room can be used and shared 128K ~ 10M speed can achieve telephone switching features; broadband high-speed surfing the Internet point is available, and may pass information home internal networking and game, and the future of intelligent information appliances part line was reserved; the line to be extremely flexible, you can separate management and settings, with strong scalable space; each room sharing music, and can be individually adjust the volume; home alarm, security protection system is working properly; lighting control switch flexibly, guaranteeing the safety and comfort.

Note: the system enhancements, such as

1. light dimming control;

2. the scene control and scheduling of individual design;

3. household equipment control;

4. household equipment of remote control (telephone or Internet).

For already decorated House: you can use wireless alarm, wireless LAN, wireless audio system and wireless video/non-Visual intercom doorbell, possible price is higher, but not much difference.

【 Weak current College 】 intelligent housing and the relationship between household wiring

Intelligent residential automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences (SmartHome) embodies the realm of human comfort and high-profile, its greatest features is comfortable and ubiquitous information flow, thus also called information family iHOME. World countries are racing to develop. Smart House is built in to the computer (computer), communication (communication), and consumer electronics (consumption) and content (content) on the basis of 4C, top 3 C integration of information products will become a network of terminals and 4th C carrier, allowing a true Internet economy.
I. characteristics of smart residential

Constitute the basic conditions for intelligent House has the following three points:

(1) has the equivalent of the family residence neural network. The family network is a family bus system (HBS) and other information transmission device, it can make the device between the organic and anyone anywhere can freely select all information within and outside the family, if the previous home of electrical wiring and gas piping, etc. to the blood vessels, so now the family dwelling is the equivalent of the bus of the nervous system.

(2) to this network offers a variety of services; here is used to support the activities of the family of information services, and residential equipment control, family activities can be divided into domestic work, management, cultural activities and communication four categories.

Domestic (housekeeping) – refers to the household equipment, domestic equipment and security equipment automatic control, energy management and display, etc.; belonging to the consumer electronics (consumption).

Management (management) — including family shopping and financial management, transport, domestic work and medical health management; wider is to e-commerce, e-education, electronic entertainment as the representative of the content (content).

Cultural life (cultare) — including the use of computer aided teaching and learning at home, personal and family entertainment and creative activities, etc.; wider is to e-commerce, e-education, electronic entertainment as the representative of the content (content).

Communication (communication) — including the use of public communications networks and two-way CATV and external communication as well as consulting services and Community administrative services.

(3) and area community connected to the external world. Domestic intelligence system should include installation in the family of smart sensors and Executive devices, home wiring system and intelligent controller for this family of three basic parts. Home intelligent controller is a family of intelligent systems Center, is also intelligent network intelligent node.

Intelligent housing through family network (or family bus) within the family, including computers, televisions, stereos, phones, video LD, or DVD, and other information equipment and residential equipment integration, together into a network and is connected to the external environment and housing, in particular can be connected to the Internet, providing jobs, learning, entertainment and other services, the creation of multifunctional information of living space, constitute a perfect network of families.

Intelligent housing including indoor different locations more phone information outlets, you can communicate with the outside world; a PC socket, connect the LAN running, enabling to work from home, Internet browsing, Internet shopping, mail, etc; CCTV interface, both for security monitoring, families are also available through the interactive TV system with video on demand, and other entertainment activities. So as to achieve scholar does not scan, the ideal of the world. In addition, the indoor temperature and lighting control system according to the family environment changes automatically adjust the room temperature and lighting. High-grade system also automatically close the window when it rains; sunlight when the curtain whereabouts automatically; home no one when heating is automatically lowered; intelligent features are obvious.

The intelligent House emphasized people's initiative, attention to people and the coordination of living system, a number of ways to facilitate the residents living environment, and comprehensively improve the quality of life. This is it, and the difference between a home automation system.

Second, family intelligent bus protocol

In the smart home, except for information appliance for real-time control, problems are more prominent in the family of information appliances device communication, as well as the family and the outside world of communication problems, which require a more suitable for intelligent home and intelligent family controlled bus (HomeBus). In domestic intelligence system bus protocol is its essence, but because of the different systems of protocol incompatibility between, on the home automation market. At present, the main bus protocols are:

(1) LonWorks Protocol, it is not supported by fieldbus network topology, a single form of restriction, you can use any form of network topology. Network operating system structures you can use the master-slave, peer-and now the client/server mode, it's communication media are not restricted, the available power line and cable twisted pair, radio frequency, infrared, etc., and can be mixed within the same network. The current global established LonWorks node has exceeded 50 000.

(2) CEBuS-EIA consumer electronic bus protocol, is Europe and the home automation electronics industry recommended standards.

(3) BACnet-building automation network communication protocol. It is a completely open building automation network, building automatic control device features and information data representation, 5 norm LAN protocols and how they communicate using protocols such as part of the composition.

(4) BATIBus, building heating, air conditioning, lighting and access control systems communicate with the fieldbus.

(5) SmartHOuseLP smart housing agreement.

(6) X-10 Protocol. It is the leading United States home automation system. Born in 1978, has a history of the most simple, direct use of residential power line as the control bus, through the power line to the controller and the functional interface is connected to and implement the program control, do not have to pass through the hole punch, and more conducive to changes in the structure and space, users can install it yourself, the price is relatively cheap.

(7) power line media development and power line modem integrated circuits so that users can enter through the power line, Internet network from simple data transfer to join the network.

3. home network wiring system

Home network cabling requirements solving wiring easily and achieve plug two basic questions. The current development of the manufacturers of home network is divided into two camps: one is to Microsoft, AMD, Lucent HomeRun network led by the Alliance, its technology is the banner of xDSL this flag; the other is from 3Com, Cisco, and other components of the Epigram Alliance, which provides by the television networks to transfer the images, sounds, data, the overall solution.

Intelligent routing application has the following 3 types:

Category 1-CommandControlandCommunicationsforBuildings CCCB, is the control system wiring for complete household survival environment control, its applications such as fire alarms, CCTV, access control, air-conditioning automatic control, lighting control, water/electricity/gas three table automatically CC, which provides regular, accurate, effective, convenient automation environment. This type of wiring usually consists of twisted pair and coaxial cables together, topology can be a star, bus-or daisy chain of one or more forms of hybrid.

First ICT — InformationandCommunicationsTechnology, is information system wiring, provides information service platform for information management, and their use as a phone, fax, computer networking, Internet, e-mail, video conferencing, Home Office (HomeOffice), as well as all of the phone/computer network attach more and more services, this requires timely and convenient service.

Category 3-HomeEntertainmentandMultimedia, HE is home entertainment and multimedia wiring, its applications such as cable TV, satellite TV, home theater, interactive video on demand, and cable TV networks can provide all the features. This type of application of the main transmission media in General is coaxial cable, using the bus configuration. But there are also some application using computer network as a transport media, users at home on a TV set-top box with installation, you can complete the signal reception and conversion.

Smart residential wiring system characteristics but also in its transmission diversity, different transmission media can find their applications, including coax, twisted pair, fiber optic, cable and infrared remote control, radio frequency, power line carrier three common wireless signal transmission mode. Wired has a high security, large capacity, rates high, and the wireless remote-control mode is best suited for families.

IV. household wiring standards

1 intelligent residential cabling systems have ANSI/TIA/EIA570A home telecommunications cable standard (ResidentialTelecommunicationsCablingStandard), it provides household wiring cable includes 4 on 3 m or 5 75 Ω coaxial cable UTP, and indoor 2 core multi-molds optical fiber, the line from the socket to the wiring box must not exceed 90 meters, the length must not exceed the channel 100 meters, terminating use of 8 bit plug seat. Home wiring of the heart is to install box, video, voice, and data templates, the Setup box allocation and management of the various rooms, then the transmission medium for the entire home provides automation and Visual, home, Internet access, Home Office, the installation box while fixed various distribution frame and panels, installed within the embedded wall cabinet.

2 home wiring level

Rating system for the helped to select suitable for every home unit different services of wiring infrastructure. Table 1 and table 2 lists the optional home wiring infrastructure. Main meet home automation, security cabling requirements.

Grade a telecommunications services provided to meet the minimum requirements of the general wiring system, the class can provide telephone, CATV, and data services. Grade a is mainly made of twisted pair and use the star topology method to connect, grade a wiring the minimum requirement for a four to unshielded twisted pair (UTP), and must meet or exceed ANSI/TIA/EIA-568A provides three types of cable transmission requirements: as well as a 75, and must meet or exceed the requirements of SCTEIPS-SP-001. Recommends installing unshielded twisted pair (UTP) easy upgrade to level II.

Level II provides advanced to meet Foundation, and the multimedia telecommunications services of general wiring system, this level of support for current and ongoing development of telecommunications services. Level II wiring for minimum requirements for one or two of the four pairs of unshielded twisted pair (UTP), and must meet or exceed ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-A five types of cable transmission requirements, as well as one or two 75 Ω coaxial cable (Coaxial), and must meet or exceed the requirements of SCTEZPS-SP-001. Optional fiber optic cable, and must meet or exceed ANSI/ICEAS-87-640 of transmission requirements.

3General household wiring requirements are defined by this second level to set the programmes, and in every home set a boundary point (demarcationpoint) or a secondary isolation socket (Auxiliary&discountoutlet) to connect to a terminal device.

Every family must install a wiring enclosures (DD), wiring box is a cross-connection of the distribution frame, all the main terminal, jumper cables, sockets and equipment wiring, etc. The main distribution frame provides users increase, alter or change the services, and provides the connection port to external service providers with different systems and applications. Distribution frame must be installed in a suitable for installation and maintenance, and provides a protection device will introduce the building wiring. All termination if you want to connect, you must install the grounding and the introduction of building equipment, and in line with the appropriate standards and specifications.

5. home wiring products

1) siemon company has launched a smart HOMEsys residential wiring system, it includes home wiring instruction Center CTCommandCenter), MAX series Designer panels, line socket, cable and installation of the frame. In addition there are also mini MINIsys public environment wiring system.

Home wiring instruction Center CT function is to connect family communication, entertainment and security provides efficient passive wiring Center. Distribution frame and installation framework is very easy to install in the House, to terminating communication cables providing convenience methods. CT instruction Center can have 8 or 12 of the second kind of configuration, each port can be installed three standard CT module, support for up to 72 including voice, data, images, various signals. Each instruction Center also has a S110 distribution frame base, available to terminating access indoor voice or data signal. MAX series Designer panel is designed for home wiring system design of the product, with MAX series installation frame and MAX modules, providing users with family communication, entertainment and security end user interface.

2) NORDX/CDT company has launched a smart home solutions RUN (ResidentialUniversalNetwork), it consists of a series of easy installation of modular components, core is a modular wiring rack, is home to all the interconnection of telecommunication signals, simplified jumper is convenient to tenants to change the location of the line. Voice and digital signal transmission through category 5 twisted-pair cable, the cable TV signal to the individual room allocation. 4-hole information outlets of typical application is 1 coaxial module used to connect to the TV, 2 RJ-45 twisted pair modules connect phone and PC, plus 1 hole is to be left for future expansion. Modular distribution center configuration as shown in table 3.

Have a home wiring system, not only can enjoy the convenience of the information age and the benefits to families safer, farewell winding phone line, at look at the things you want to see, unfettered access to the Internet, set up a Home Office (SOHO), can have a future-oriented families.

3) ORTRONICS has launched the "intelligent home — INHOUSE" wiring system, modular design, can be easily added according to user needs. The programme uses custom installation box to a wall panel star distribution of household-multimedia network systems, and support for home audio and video entertainment systems, home automation system, INTERNET access, Home Office.

MOD 4) United States — TAP company launched home wiring system RCS (ResidentialCablingSystem), RCS is realization of the "central control, distributed plug". Through a channel to a variety of devices from every room, to select a device to use it, simply adjust the frequency.

There are 5) IBM HomeDirector that provides 16 video channels, 4 PC LAN, 4 telephone lines and four remote control camera. It uses the category 5 twisted-pair, all twisted pair ultimately connected to the ConnectionCenter cartridge box including cable TV and CCTV use coaxial cable module, 10Base-T Ethernet and telephone and ISDN connections of the lamp. The second box called HomenetworkController, its control system operation, such as infrared wireless remote control enables the user to set any housing a TV channel, etc.

6) Germany KRONE's BROADWAY star structure home wiring system.

【 Weak current College 】 home intelligent management

Home intelligent management refers to the owner's home in temperature/humidity, electrical appliances, lighting, security, external communication, such as centralized intelligence manipulation, making the entire residential operating optimally. It is a residential property management is an indispensable part, but also the future residential smart development trends. We use in every household settings "control box" approach, to achieve the owners family of intelligent management.
1 information acquisition

Collection owners home run of the various parameters, including three table data, the room temperature and humidity, etc. These data can be in its own display, also can upload to wuyeguanlizhongxin statistics and billing.

2 video intercom

Comes with intercom feature, owners can it and visitors intercom, observation of visitors, open danyuanmen. Video intercom door machine equipped with an IC card interface, this floor tenants to enter the time using IC card issued on the basis of the community.

3 household appliances start management

The owners home air conditioner and other major electrical equipment control.

Household appliances control as follows: the owner of the phone by dual audio or cell phone to dial specific telephone numbers, if home answering machine, centralized control and automatic calls to the voice information to owners, the owners at the voice prompt with the appropriate action, remote start home air conditioning, electric appliance, the owners home before beginning work to provide a comfortable environment

4 information service

Owners through centralized control box can understand their family functioning of various parameters, such as room temperature, humidity, three-meter readings, the State accused of electrical appliances and so on, while the network of various simple query submission fee. Through centralized control box with lC card interface for costs of settlement. The property management Department is available through the community network and control box issue fee notification and other relevant property management, notification, etc.

5 to apply for community service

Owners in need of repair, removal, corruption and other community services, by centralizing control box provides direct voice functionality gives you direct contact with community service centers. Specific actions that the owners as long as you pick up the centralized control of machine-Xin barrel and press communities services press, owner and community service officers to establish direct contact with owners of voice their demands. And community service center of the station will automatically display the requested service owners of the building and room number and record.

6 anti intrusion alarm

Connection door contact switch, dual technology probes, anti intrusion detector, if at the time of the invasion alarm information in a timely manner to the property management Department and community security sector. Centralized control box with emergency call function, there is an emergency situation occurs, the owners of pressing the emergency call button notification property and security departments to take emergency measures.

7 friendly man-machine interface

Centralized control box intercom Panel except for the show visit may also use outside the image to appear, and subfolders to Chinese characters to interact with users and with a simple voice prompts.

8 rating password operation

Centralized control of the operation of a three-level password control, different levels of permissions.

9 communication centralized control box

Centralized control box communications using direct connect floor cabling and then entered the community communication backbone of its communication protocol using standard TCPllP Protocol, this way ensuring centralized control box of the open, high speed communication and information, but also guarantee the functionality of the centralized control box.

【 Weak current College 】 intelligent construction elements

Coordination of civil works and other works, attention and follow its construction law.

1. reserved hole and bury pipelines and the coordination of civil works

In civil infrastructure construction, should do well grounded project leader hole, ground piping of over the wall holes, cable over the wall protection tube and into the embedded line pipe.

2. wire frame construction and civil engineering support

Trunking mechanism installation construction, civil engineering, basic and other after the end of the pipeline (wind pipe, sewerage) installed at the same time as, or slightly later than pipeline installation for a period of time, but you must resolve the power wiring duct frame and piping in space location reasonable integration and cooperation.

3. pipeline construction and decoration works with

Wiring and threading work in civil engineering is completely finished, and decorative works carried out at the same time, the schedule should be avoided since the end of the project, which resulted in the laying of the difficulties of Threading.

4. the control room arrangement and decoration works with

The control room of the decoration and the overall decoration project of synchronization, the weak electricity system equipment positioning, installation, wiring connections should be at the end of the decorative works Basic.

3. the commissioning stage

First single equipment or parts debugging, and debugging a local or regional, final overall system debugging, debugging the system type.

4. the acceptance stage

The engineering acceptance into hidden project and minute projects and completed projects in three steps

1. hidden project acceptance

Weak is the installation of line pipe embedded, buried cable, grounding, etc all have a secret project, which in the next procedure before construction, construction unit representative (or supervisor) concealed work check acceptance, and conscientiously lose good hidden works acceptance procedures into technical archives.

2. sub-item project acceptance

The end of one phase of the project, or a sub-item project completion, construction unit, in conjunction with the design units in sub-item acceptance; some individual projects from the construction units to declare local authorities for acceptance.

3. acceptance

Engineering completion approval is on the entire construction project of comprehensive check acceptance. In the project final acceptance before acceptance of construction units, check the relevant technical data, engineering, quality, and timely resolution of issues. The construction unit, in conjunction with the design and construction of the units reporting by local authorities for acceptance.

(2), construction technology

In the construction process in strict accordance with the standard for quality inspection and assessment of the quality of itemized check operation, after the completion of the construction quality assessment and quality assurance information prepared to ensure the delivery of projects to achieve the design requirements and meet the use feature.

First, the laying of electrical circuits

A £ ® general provisions

1. cable (line) in the laying of the former, do look and on-check, and DC 500V megohmmeter measure insulation resistance, its resistance is not less than 5 M Ω; when there are special provisions should be in line with its provisions.

2. line by shortest way set laying, horizontal even vertical, tidy, should not be crossed.

3. line should not be laying in vulnerable to mechanical damage, corrosive media releases, humid, and there is a strong magnetic field and strong electrostatic interference zone; if necessary, take appropriate measures to protect or shield.

4. When the line more than 65 ° c ambient temperature, insulation measures taken; situated may cause a fire of fire places, and fire prevention measures.

5. line is not suitable for high temperature of the parallel laying in the process equipment, piping above and corrosive liquids of process equipment, piping.

6. line and adiabatic process equipment, pipe insulation distance between the surface should be more than 200 mm, and other process equipment, piping between the distance should be greater than 150mm.

7. wiring of terminal line Department, and after the building expansion joints and settlement of every department, should have adequate redundancy.
8. line should not have intermediate connector, when you cannot avoid, should the cable box or junction box, connector in the wiring should press; when using the welding application non-corrosive of brazing. Compensating cables should press. Coaxial cable and high-frequency cable should be used for the connector.

9. the laying of the road, it is not appropriate in concrete beams and columns drill mounting holes.

10. line laying, should carry out school lines and numbers and, in accordance with the provisions of article 1, measure the insulation resistance.

11. a measuring line insulation, you must set the connected devices and components on the fracture.

B. cable laying

1. ambient temperature during laying of cable is not less than-7 ℃.

2. laying cables should be reasonable arrangements should not be crossed; laying should prevent cable and cable and other hard body friction between; fixed, tension should be moderate.

3. multi-core cables, bend radius should be not less than 6 times the outer diameter.

4. signal cable (line) and cable crossover should angles; when the parallel laying, the distance between them should be consistent with the design requirements.

5. in the same area, in the different signals, different voltage cable layout should be classified; for AC power lines and chain line, the application partition and no shielding signal line separates the laying.

6. the cable along the bracket or online tank installation should be firmly fixed in the following places:

(1) cable angled slope exceeds 45 ° or vertically, in each bracket.

(2) cable angled gradient of not more than 45 °, horizontally, at intervals of 1 ~ 2 brackets.

(3) and compensation for redundancy and protection on both sides of the pipe endsThe first, second, the two brackets.

(4) the introduction of the dashboard (carton) 300 ~ 400mm before.

(5) into the junction box and line box 150 ~ 300mm before.

7. trunking vertical stratification, the cable should be installed in accordance with the following provisions order from top to bottom:

Instrumentation signal lines;
Security chain line;
AC and DC power supply line;
8. that the signal line and laying a strong magnetic field and strong electric electrical equipment NET distance between preferably more than 1.5m; when using shielded cables or wear metal protection hose, and online tank installation, preferably more than 0.8m.

9. cables laid in the trenches, laying in the brackets or trunking. When the cable into the buildings, the cable channel and buildings between isolation seal.

C. other requirements

Wire wear protective tube before cleaning, wearing a pipe should not damage wire.
2. signal wiring, power supply lines, chain line and has the special request of instrument signal line, should adopt their own protective tube.

3. the dashboard (box) Terminal Board at both ends of the lines shall be numbered by construction drawings.

4. each of the terminals allows at most two cores received.

5. wire and Terminal plate, instrumentation, electrical equipment, etc., should have adequate redundancy.

Second, power equipment installation

A £ ® power supply system installation

1. power engineering of power supply units should check the device before installing the appearance and technology performance and meet the following requirements:

2. relay, contactor and switch should act in close contact with flexible, and no corrosion and damage.

3. a fastener, terminals should be intact and free from dirt and rust.

4. equipment accessories, performance conforms to the requirements of the installation manual.
B £ ® power equipment installation

1. equipment installation should be strong, much neater and more elegant, Terminal number, use of signs and other signs, should remain intact, writing correct clear.

2. fixation device so that the force uniform device.

3. instrument boxes installed power supply units whose bare charged body mutually or between other bare conductors between the distance shall be not less than 4mm. When unable to meet, each must be reliable insulation.

4. power supply box installed in the concrete wall, pole or basis should adopts expansion bolts fixed and should satisfy the following requirements:

(1) box height of Center distance ground should 1.3 ~ 1.5m;

(2) arranging installed power supply box, should be neat and tidy.

5.UPS equipment is installed, you should check the reliability of automatic switching device, switch time and switching voltage value should meet the design requirements.
6. the regulator should check before using their regulator, voltage fluctuations in the value should be consistent with the provisions of the installation manual.

7. Rectifier in use before checking its output voltage, the voltage value should be consistent with the operating instructions before installing.

8. power supply units with live parts and metal shell insulation resistance between, 500V megohmmeter measurement, should be not less than 5 M Ω. When the installation manual, there are special provisions should be prescribed.

9. power transmission, system all power supply switch should be in the position of the "secondary", and you should check the melting capacity of secondary device.

Third, the weak electricity system grounding

A £ ® general provisions

1. the weak electricity system grounding, by purpose have protective grounding and functional grounding. Protective earthing is divided into: shockproof grounding, lightning protection and grounding, anti-static grounding and electrical erosion grounding; functional grounding is divided into: work grounding, logic ground, screened Earth and signal ground. Different ground have different requirements, should press ground construction design decisions.

2. need a grounded weak electricity system earthing devices should meet the following requirements:

(1) when piping using electro-galvanized pipe, apart from the design clearly, tubes and pipes, tubes and metal box connection after having to crossover, but should comply with the following provisions:

1) using thread connection of the pipe, the pipe end thread length should be not less than the length of the fitting 1/2 threaded surfaces must be smooth, no corrosion, defects in the thread should be coated with conductive power complex full-fat or fat-corrosion. After connection, thread 2 ~ 3 should be exposed.

2) pipe using a tightening screw connections of the casing, the screws should be tightened; place in vibration, tightening screw should be loose control measures.

3) pipes and a box of the connection should not be used plastic na child should be used in conductive metal that child.

4) PE pipe has a light line, each junction box should line-connected and PE.

(2) when piping using electro-galvanized pipe, pipe design also requires crossConnect, between the need to comply with the following provisions:

1) downlead pipe should not be used for fusion welding crossover design, should be used to specify the dedicated next line clamp crossover.

2) buried or placed in concrete in tube, without applying the line card jumper, jumper can be taken for fusion welding.

3) if the tube dress with nude soft PE copper wire, electric pipe can not crossover. This line must match its PE of every connected to junction box.

(3) tubing with black mild steel pipe, if the design does not require a crossover, you do not have to crossover. If the crossover between the black and Tan tube and junction box with round steel crossover between, on one side of the weld should not be less than the length of the crossover crossover round bar diameter 6 times; black and galvanized tray cross-over between the black mild steel tube end welding a copper bolts, no less than 4mm of copper conductors are connected with galvanized cable tray。

(4) when the ELV are made from PVC pipe, to avoid interference, power piping should be avoided and the strong power piping of the parallel laying of the parallel laying, if necessary, the distance should be greater than 0.5m apart.

(5) when laying by ELV trunking, trunking to separate ELV; when it is necessary to lay down the same trunking, ELV separated metal separators between applications.

B £ ® telecom equipment grounding

1. to prevent external voltage hazards safety and damage to equipment, electrical interference suppression, and ensure the normal work of communications equipment, telecommunications equipment should be grounded in the following sections:

(1) DC power supply, telecommunication equipment rack and enclosure; standing communication cable metal sheathed and shielding layer.

(2) AC distribution panel, Rectifier screens exposed electrical power supply equipment.

(3) DC power distribution over the exposed parts of the screen.

(4) and DC-telecommunication equipment rack, machine box and rack, machine box not insulated power rectifier conductive parts of the exposure.

(5) cables, overhead lines and associated needs grounding parts, such as the arresters and surge arrester, protection gaps, etc.

2. when the low-voltage distribution system to take the TN-PAL power supply, telecommunication equipment if the requirements strictly limit the effects of power frequency AC, and telecommunications equipment are not easy to do and the stations of various gold is a component of the insulation should be used; when TN-S modulation interference requirements are not too strict, you can use TN-C format; when telecommunications equipment of leakage current in 10mA and above should be used TN-S format.

3. power distribution panel, Rectifier screens exposed reinforcement conductive parts, when the device with the frame, machine frame is connected in the electric, still need and PEN line PE lines or connected.

4. when taking IT standard power supply, telecommunication device leakage current in 10mA above, in order to avoid malfunction protection device, take the double coil power supply transformer, its primary side access IT system, secondary side in TN mode power supply, power supply equipment grounding and TN mode are the same.

5. telecommunications equipment work grounding, General requirements may be set individually and building work grounding transformers with a grounding device. However, it must be through a dedicated grounding wire insulation and earthing device connected.

6. telecommunications equipment using common grounding, the grounding resistance should not be greater than 1 Ω, expressing both cross-sectional area of not less than the copper conductor insulated wire 25mm2 wear pipe laying into common ground electrode. When using the Foundation jointly reinforced as extremely, connections should be copper, iron and transition joints.

C £ ® electronic equipment grounding

1. electronic equipment signal grounding, logical, grounding and shielding and grounding, power and protection earthing and grounding, generally share a grounding, its Earth resistance not more than 4 Ω; when electronic equipment grounding and Lmin grounding, lightning protection combined with a grounding, its Earth resistance not more than 1 Ω. Shielded grounded as a separate setting, its grounding resistance normally 30 Ω.

2. the difference of anti-interference ability, the electronic equipment and its grounding should be separate, lightning protection and earthing between distance should be more on 20m anti-interference ability strong electronic equipment, the distance between the discretion to reduce, but not less than 5 m.
When electronic equipment grounding and lightning protection and earthing using common grounding device, in order to prevent lightning strikes back and when subjected to ensure equipment safety, should be buried armored cable power supply.

3. cable shield should be grounded, to avoid interference current, the signal cable and 1MHZ and following low-frequency cable should be a little above the ground; 1MHZ, to ensure the cable shield to ground potential, should take more grounded.

4. in order to avoid the loop current, instantaneous current impact, radiating ground system should use the grounding; to eliminate the next venue of potential difference and avoid interference with each other, ring earthing system should use the equipotential; on hybrid grounding system, electronic equipment, with radiating ground within the electronic device external use ring earthing system.

5. grounding ring bus section, when electronic equipment frequency in 1MHZ above, foil 120mm×0.35mm; below the 1MHZ foil mm×0.35mm.

6. electronic equipment grounding electrodes should be laid underground levels, resulting in rake or star.

D £ ® data-processing equipment grounding

1. data-processing equipment grounding resistance is 4 Ω, AC power frequency grounding and lightning protection and earthing and grounding resistance when Ω to 1.

2. for leakage current 10mA than data-processing equipment, its host indoor metal body should be connected into one, the connector can use 6mm2 of copper conductors or 25mm×4mm galvanized flat steel, and Earth, Earth resistance not more than 4 Ω.

3. in order to reduce the skin effect and channel impedance, DC work grounded down lead should pick tele multi-core copper conductors, section should not be less than 35mm2, when you need to improve the signal of working conditions, the use of multiple-unit copper wire.

4. DC work grounding and Exchange work grounding as not using common grounding, the power difference between the two should not exceed 0.5V to avoid interference.

5. input signal cable wear steel pipe laying, or laying in with metal cover of metal cable tray, steel pipe and cable tray should be grounded.

E.-acoustic, TV system grounding

Audio, TV system grounding resistance is 4 Ω, industrial television system such as device capacity ≤ 0.5kVA
, Grounding resistance may not greater than 10 Ω. Mounted in a building at the top of the antenna metal base must be lightning network at the top of the building, consisting of lightning systems, by at least two different direction down lead or main bars in the building for grounding.

To avoid groundingPotential difference caused by stray wave interference with communication, CCTV and industrial TV must be in the grounding.

TV system of the transmission cable wear metal pipe laying, metal pipe to grounded to prevent interference
Information outlet installation requirements:

(1) installed on the floor or ground shall be fixed in the terminal box, Jack Panel has the form of vertical and horizontal; junction box cover can be opened and should be tight and waterproof, dustproof. Junction box cover should be flush with the ground.

(2) installation on the wall, above the ground, such as ground using 300mm movable floor, should be assumed to do within the raised floor inch.

(3) information outlet base, fixed to the construction site conditions, the use of expansion screws, air, etc.

(4) screws to tighten the loose phenomenon should not be generated.

(5) information outlet should have the labels, colors, graphics, text indicates that the terminal equipment type.

(6) the installation location should meet the design requirements.

5 £ ® cable tray and channel installation requirements:

(1) bridge and channel installation location should be consistent with the provisions about construction plans, should not exceed 50mm deviation.

(2) cable tray and grooved horizontal degrees per square deviation should not exceed 2mm.

(3) vertical tray and channel should be perpendicular to the ground and not tilt, vertical deviation should not exceed 3mm.

(4) two channel stitching Department level deviation should not exceed 2mm.

(5) vertical installation should keep the hanger, neat firmly, without tilt phenomenon.

(6) metal cable tray and grooved and internode should contact good, installed securely.

6. installation frame, wiring devices and metal pipe, duct grounding should meet the design requirements and maintain a good electrical connection.

D £ ® cable laying and support protection mode

1. cable laying

(1) cable laying General should meet the following requirements:

1) cable layout before check specifications, routines, routing and location and design requirements.

2) cable layout should be straight, not producing twisted, loop, etc., should not be subject to external forces of extrusion and injury.

3) cable ends before the cloth should be labeled to indicate the start and end position, the labels should be clear, is written and correct.

4) power cable, signal cable, twisted pair cable, optical fiber cables and building other weak electricity system cable layout should be separated. The cable between the minimum net margin should meet the design requirements.

5) cable layout should be redundant. The rooms, twisted pair cable between devices reserved length usually 3 ~ 6m, workspace 0.3 ~ 0.6m; fiber-optic cable in the device-side length generally reserved for 5 ~ 10m. There are special requirements should be set aside by the design requirements.

6) cable bend radius should satisfy the following requirements:

① unshielded twisted pair cable 4 on the bend radius should be at least 4 times the cable diameter, in the construction process should be at least 8 times.

② shielded twisted pair cable bend radius should be at least as cable diameter 6 ~ 10 times.

③ twisted pair cable backbone of bend radius should be at least 10 times the cable diameter.

④ cable bend radius of at least least optical cable outer diameter of 15 times, in the construction process should be at least 20 times.

⑤ cable laying, traction, hanging the fulcrum of the cables should not be greater than the spacing between 1.5m, cloth cable traction force, should be less than cables allow tension of 80%, for the moment the maximum traction cable should not exceed the permitted tension cables. Laid in traction, main traction cables should be in the cable core strengthening.

⑥ cable layout process in order to avoid stress and distortion, should produce qualified end of traction. Such as mechanical traction, according to the length of the cable traction, cloth on the environment, on factors such as the traction tension selection concentrated traction or distributed traction.

⑦ cloth fibre-optic cable, optical cable reels spin cloth with fiber-optic cable, optical cable traction speed generally 15m/min. Optical out spare Office to protect armed relaxation in radians, and have a buffer of allowance, and should not be too much to avoid cable back button appears.

【 Weak current College 】 air conditioning project technology gives the low-down

In order to ensure that the air conditioning engineering construction quality, standard for the installation of the team, so on construction of process technology gives the low-down, strict monitoring.

First, equipment installation

1, air-conditioning host installation location should be convenient for maintenance without affecting its use, especially the heat;

2. air-conditioning host stand unity with 10 Channel steel production;

3, fan coil unit should be installed, the installation of a bevel to the next level at the end about 3000mm or under construction; sample room

4. blower fan coil pipe installation location away from the wall, from the window of 200mm 150mm, followed by pipeline from the wall 300mm;

5, every Villa of air-conditioning host and the number of fan coil must be copied correctly, and well-preserved random information;

6, handling and installation cannot damage the equipment, in particular the host shell paint, fin and fan-coil of condensate tray, Wo shell, impeller, etc.;

7, fan coil junction box, condensate pipe interface, advance water leakage connection must be in the same direction, for later inspection; fan-coil back wind pipe, duct must be back to check the holes on the drive;

8, equipment installation location to install correctly, you want to ping is;

II. wind system

1, back to the production should be consistent with the bellows, layering to good, good insulation; installation of thermal insulation material must not be broken;

2. back to the bellows and fan-coil riveting, back to the bellows must not be misrepresented as, on, twist angle;

3, flange welding should not have the leakage welding, holes, flange diagonal error than 3 mm, and smoothness of the error is less than 2MM, flange bolts and rivets-space requirements for 120MM, flange paint before removing welding slag, then brush quadratic red lead;

4. wind pipe head adopts Wo buckle, air nozzle (0.05 m) each with riveting, must play sealant, flange riveting, duct flange 6MM, and shall not be less than four edges to be consistent;

5. air supply of air duct must be set from the wind, the wind mouth to blunt edges;

6, living room air duct installation two blower coil should be consistent, air ducts and air blower plate Tube waterproof soft canvas connections, length of 200mm, single flange crimping;

7. the main bedroom air duct installation (side to side, back), the return outlet should be in the same plane;

8, sloping roof elevation over the side sent next 2800mm installed air blower plate Tube, the air install 45 degrees (angle bent) air duct;

9, duct production, you must first install the application for inspection and preservation;

3. water system

1, pp-r pipe heat shrink size must be less than 3%, the installation must conform to the manufacturer's technical requirements;

2, the pipeline through wall must be casing, De25 and casing with PUC70 De32; De40, De50 and casing with PUC110 De63; De75 and De90 used PUC133 casing;

3. pipe bracket for indoor use L30 angle, paint brush Aluminum powder paint; in outdoor L40 angle, paint brush black lacquer;

4. pipe bracket installation before playing the line spacing is less than, and in the same 800mm plane must distribute the same region should take the form of support;

5 pipes well pipe installation to coordination and cooperation between units to avoid the jagged effect;

6. pipe bracket installation location from PP-r pipe elbow is greater than, less than 300MM 150mm; pipe bracket installation to positive, not skewed;

7. pipe bracket for must and presetting holes, pipeline installation must be horizontal even vertical;

8, water pipes after installation, you must wash and pressure testing. Test pressure 1Mpa, voltage 10 minutes shall decline; to minimize the pressure, voltage 60 minutes 0.6Mpa, pressure shall not decline, Visual inspection no leakage is qualified. After passing the inspection check to thermal insulation;

9, HFCA06 above fan coil for return pipe adopt De32 tube, before the closing valve reducer (300MM or less);

Top 11, frozen water pipes must be set to automatically discharge valve and hose into the nearby air blower plate tube of condensate tray or access point by tube; frozen water pipes should be set at minimum drain valve;

12, PP-R piping hot melt connection should satisfy the following requirements:

(1) the fuser selection to fit, die head intact, working temperature to 230 degrees — 260 degrees. Setting the fuser temperature reached before operation;

(2) pipe cutting should use a dedicated pipe shears, hacksaw or pipe cutting machine, cutting the section should be removed after the burrs and Burr, pipeline of truncated surface must be perpendicular to the pipe axis;

(3) of the weld must drop pipes and fittings to connect end of dirt, guaranteed clean, dry, oil free;

(4) hot melt melting depth when control, reduce shrinkage rate. Hot-melting depth you can reference the table below:



Note: the fuser temperature is 230-260 ° c, ambient temperature is below 5 degrees, heating time should be extended to 50%

(5) welding elbow or links, you should be aware of its direction, pipe fittings and pipe line direction, auxiliary signs to identify their location;

(6) heating, should be no rotation the pipe end import heating set, insert to provide depth, at the same time, no rotation, fitting into heating head, achieve the required depth, heating time should meet the requirements；

(7) reached the heating time, immediately put the tube and pipe fittings from heating cover and heating head at the same time take down, no rotation and linear uniform provisions inserted into the joint depth formed uniform flange;

(8) the processing time, just good weld joints can also be a slight correction, but no rotation;

(9) for pipeline installation, no axial force perverted, unsuitable Calibration;

(10) for pipeline installation, not your head spout must be careful to avoid blocking debris falling into the tube;

IV condensate pipe installation

1, condensate pipe diameter to meet technical requirements, it must do interior plastering and civil construction waterproof before completion;

2, condensate pipe installation first-line (inspection), and then cut masonry tank, and then tick, buried wall depth 15MM; prefabricated panels with plate every tick Groove, not horizontal tick playing; if you want to beam or shear wall on slotting, must be reported to the consent of the owners and supervision;

3, condensate pipe installation must avoid the bathroom entrance door, door, window, etc. should be more than 200 mm of distance;

4, condensate pipe installation support spacing should be less than 800mm; exposed parts must insulation (tube); condensate pipe installation hose length should be between the 20MM — 30MM (tube and pipe mouth distance);

5 pipes, then after installation, you must pass water, irrigation, post after passing to the supervision and inspection de bulletin;

5. electrical installation

1, line pipe clamp spacing should be less than 600mm, horizontal even vertical length of the corrugated pipe cannot be greater than 500mm;

2, fan coil of cable boxes into line pipe piping must be from above;

3, wire connector must solder (prohibited online tube connector), insulating blanket and waterproof adhesive tape double bandage;

4, electric insulation must comply with the requirements;

5, blower fan coil pipe stall speed line to receive correct, cannot be confused with the zero line;

6. thermal insulation

1, pipe insulation, heat preservation tube shell and wooden ring junction must brush glue stick tape;

2. wind pipe insulation, insulation glue should brush evenly, no stomata, surfaces must be smooth, no dirt; sheet of concatenation must be in the air duct, mosaic every must brush glue;

3. insulation without peeling, cracking, damage and other phenomena, good thermal insulation tape to bonding, not falling off;

4, pipe insulation, pipe Shell cannot cross the place filled with foam;

5, pipe pressure test has been completed, should first guarantee pipe wells and water pipes pass through the site, does not affect the construction complement grey;

6, pipe insulation finishes, but also tied to a single root thin pipe winded, Visual inspection should be able to meet the requirements;

7. cooperation with the civil provisions

1, wall, floor slotted holes, must consent to the inspection;

2-line uses the powder line package, stone red pigment, ink bucket no longer used;

3. cannot scribbling on the wall, such as playing and doing some unnecessary mark;

4, if the accidents dirty enough grease, to promptly remove with sandpaper; if accidental damage to other items, to promptly repair or compensation;

5, in the wall on the hole to founder, the appropriate size, you must use the appropriate tick chisel, hammer beat directly forbidden;

6. without authorization, is strictly prohibited in shear walls and beams drilling and slotting;

7. Note on other units of product protection, not dirty wall surface, ground, does not damage the waterproof, doors and Windows, corner, Horn, and other objects;

8, the construction site must be neat and orderly, material stacking order, construction waste to clean up in a timely manner shall not be casually throw, prohibited from upstairs to the following garbage;

9, construction and civil engineering work of coordination, and do a site to the transfer;

8. the relevant provisions of the

1. when using the hammer must limit, limit size 60MM, avoid penetrated the roof, if there is a violation of a fine of $ 500 per time;

2, the construction safety: to enter the construction site must wear a helmet; aerial work must have security measures in place; on power tools (cutting machine, drilling machine, etc.) to frequently check that hand use;

3. construction site shall obey, on pain of severe punishment anywhere;

4. on-site warehouse can only live a male staff;

5. on-site warehouse must be 24-hour stay in cooking, forbidden;

6. use of the material to be considered, improve utilization, prevent the material from being stolen or damaged, the material loss control to the minimum (fixed loss less);

7, of the same type of installation must be consistent (in model room), including equipment, for the return pipe and pipe diameter, and condensate pipe diameter, and the installation location and manner to basically the same;

8, weekly Sunday 5 pm weekly, held on construction progress, solve engineering problems, schedule construction tasks;

9. confirm the progress node after must be completed, otherwise in accordance with the regulations for punishment;

10, strengthen management, strictly according to the technology gives the low-down the content and related specification construction, quality supervision and security checks to sync follows up, eliminate quality incidents and accidents;

11, all work must be on site to ensure project quality and duration to ensure theTimely high-quality complete construction tasks;

【 Weak current College 】 construction investment management and measures

Summary: the architectural engineering project management, quality control, process control, investment control as its three control, is a construction works can achieve the expected economic benefits, the core of the social benefit. Of these, quality control and schedule control after years of development, has relative norms and perfection, the only investment control, because of their human factors impact is large, has not achieved the desired result. This article on the current status of architectural engineering investment control, control on investment out of reason and make some improvements and measures.

1. status of the project investment management, cost management, cost control, project investment can bring the expected benefits of the key.

Since reform and opening up, China project cost has made considerable progress. Cost management departments from a planned economy system of passive management, simple preparation of fixed development to economic change according to the market, on a regular basis various engineering elements of adjustment coefficient, cost coefficient; Interventional bidding and contract management. However, many projects were still appear investment out of the budget estimates, budget-super super budget estimates, clearing and settlement.

2. architectural engineering investment management runaway caused runaway construction investment management for several reasons, one of the most important:

2.1. investment management system defects. Leading investment decision-making is not science, without strict project budget, investment, construction, design, construction units lack consistent cost management objectives and mutual communication, engineering supervision units are often confined to the construction stage of quality and schedule management, seldom involved in investment decision making. Design units in the design phase is done a project budget even refinement to the budget, but because of the lack of design cost indexes of constraints, lead design control of conservative, investment is high. In the bidding phase, the base price and price valuation, made in the implementation stage, or because of a shortage of funds, or lack of strict cost management, leading investment management out of control. Works cannot complete the loan interest is increasing, the scarce funds to run in the vicious circle, to enterprises, financial institutions and countries have brought tremendous losses.

2.2. Engineering investment determines the method is not science. Project investment identified more with a fixed, fixed price and for a few years ago, labor, materials, machinery rent price statistics. Although the parts cost management departments by regularly publishing some adjustment coefficient or low marks to achieve and the current construction cost management information system development and the application is not timely provision of cost management personnel in the required information, difficult to implement with international practice of the kind of budgeting, therefore, such a static and lagging of price determination methods, unable to meet the changing requirements of the market economy. Different levels of the contractor pursuant to the same fixed compilation of different works price, is unable to distinguish between contracting units in different locations, different engineering price differences.

2.3. contract management owes the specification. On the one hand, the terms of the contract is not strict, in both parties to understand the terms of the contract, the impact project smoothly; on the other hand, the law of contracts, there is a lack of awareness of do. If the project's payment often can not be timely payment in accordance with the contract, the contractor had to get over rebate, and other means, this project also resulted in the construction industry, offering more serious situation.

2.4. low cost management quality. Our existing construction cost consultants or consulting firms whose main business is mostly depends on quota for project budget, settlement of audit. Its staff often have engaged in budget work. ' So when implementing cost management, exposed one of the biggest problems is not adapted to the requirements of modern cost management. Concrete is a professional technical quality is poor, not independent decisively tackle complex engineering economic problems, poor investment pre-control, considerable work remains in the subsequent processing stages; — is not very good at organizing and coordinating project relationships between the various subjects; third, the lack of economic and legal knowledge, the ability to process claims, in particular the lack of international project management of FIDIC contract conditions. In the construction market competitive today, this professional level clearly do not meet modern requirements of the project cost management. If you do not increase their business management as soon as possible, our building enterprise lost not only foreign construction market, and even possibly due to construction of globalization has made our domestic construction market will be occupied by foreign developers.

3. avoid engineering investment out of measures

3.1. engineering design plan reasonable because the owners want to provide form construction products in the construction industry in the whole process of service, therefore, employed by the owners of construction cost consultants or consulting firms, participated in the study on the feasibility from the investment until the completion of all work, but in the continuous process of management, the different stages and seriousness of, according to some Western countries, design fees generally equivalent to the construction life cycle cost of 1 per cent, but this is less than 1 per cent of the costs but fundamental determines the cost of nearly all later. Thus, in the design phase of investment management for the entire project cost management is important, in the design phase, the cost of staff focus on helping owners according to technical and economic analysis and value engineering to choose the best design solution. If located in Shanghai city centre of Hang Lung Plaza 66, structural engineer the upper structure of the three structural system. Construction cost consultants according to the Shanghai construction market price quotes on these programmes delivered a cost analysis, the result is the total cost of the reinforced concrete structure has a clear advantage, cost respectively than all-steel structure save 34%. Than the steel structure of a reinforced concrete mixture, while 28% savings through architectural features and cost of further exploration, and eventually become owners of preferred programme. Cost to an earlier decision involved in the design stage, and changes the mode of construction. There are totally unknown in China many soil under the international construction market changes, you can try out our country by promoting CM models. The original meaning is CM design and construction of cross-cutting jobs, it changed my long-term design and construction phase separation phenomenon, let the design and constructionTwo procedures as far as possible, mutual communication and lap, which helps to reduce costs, improve quality, but also enable the duration reduced to beneficial owners. At the same time, some experts pointed out that China's construction can also be considered by the traditional modle extends forward to d + D + B mode, that is, the contractor is responsible for the initial decision phase of planning, management, is responsible for the design and construction; or backward extension for D + B + FM mode, that is, the design, construction and property management, these innovative contract mode, making building enterprise business scope, features are changed, with design, construction, cost management, development and management capacity, and even managed to help owners, for project financing. This design and construction process of mutual gets close, so that construction enterprises in the design phase to design units design provides construction on investment most provincial programmes while contractors to owners and financing, and the contractor and the owner's interests. In this way, to the design phase as the focus of the whole process of investment management is more likely to become a reality.

3.2. dynamic cost control software for advanced control of China's investment capital surplus occurs over the situation, is often the way information management, information accuracy not behind, not timely, comprehensive and reliable decision-making for policy makers. In order to implement the dynamic management of the project cost, a cost management system is essential, the so-called project cost management system, is to use the machine's condition, the man-machine, the construction cost information for the collection, transport, processing, preservation, maintenance and use of the system, which consists of quota management system, price management system, the cost evaluation system and cost control systems that take advantage of the system, you can replace the artificial red variety of day-to-day business processes work, and also for management personnel to provide timely and effective information and become the leader for decision support systems. In the project cost management, a lot of good computer software/Internet/civil servants, to achieve the progress of the project investment and dynamic tracing, such as the World Bank and many State Government recommended P3 series software and Microsoft MSProject98 can calculate the project management of network parameters, critical path, slack, automatic generation of bar charts, network diagrams, and calendar, task allocation plan table, automatic drawing resources, workload and cost curve, automatically balancing all of the resources. The domestic many works, including the three gorges, xiaolangdi and other major projects are in use such software. But on thousands of projects, the use of the software is still small, therefore it is necessary according to the China's national conditions attached importance to the cost of development and research, truly dynamic management of cost, ensure the effective implementation of the investment control.

3.3. contract management comprehensive, standardized international engineering contracting and contract management focuses on the following aspects:

(1) the legal nature of the contract; the completeness of the

(2) the contract is complete;

(3) risk assessment is reasonable;

(4) to pay particular attention to the second part of the contractual conditions (special provisions), because it combines specific works of the actual situation on the part to delete, and modify, is the key to the execution of the contract;

(5) project description should ensure a clear, detailed and technically feasible;

At the same time, the cost of consultants or consulting firms should insist the impartial professional ethics, prevent one-sided dependence owners will deliberately contractor prices. The owners, the low cost of the General project hope some good, but from the international construction contract management can be seen, the low-priced surface, often shoddy work or frequent claims, or causes delays. Work stoppages and other serious incidents. So reasonably developed base and bid is guaranteed investment is an important means of control. This ensures that the contractor's reasonable interests, good for works smoothly, in practice but also indirectly protect the interests of the owners. In addition, because the domestic architecture of the laws, regulations and contract demonstration text and the text of the international standard contracts, in particular with the international FIDIC contract text than the text of the contract, the contract subject of rigor in default rights are still some gaps, to this end, the necessary foreign contractual terms of a reasonable portion of our finance, insurance, building codes, the text of the present contract, amendments and legal departments of supervision, be guaranteed contracts and law-breakers, solemnity of the project investment in effective control provide legal guarantees. Civil service-1 network 3.4. cost of comprehensive quality practitioners.

Foreign cost consultants or consulting firms usually have high quality talent, business wide characteristics. In General, regardless of the United Kingdom's QS system (quantity surveyors line), United States of CM (engineer), or since the 1960s in the United States, Germany, France, Japan and other countries widely adopted PM system (project management), its core is a cost management personnel status, qualifications, duties, obligations, how they work, and the same owners, contractors, and other Department legally. Economy on hold. Advanced countries cost consultants or consulting firms generally have the project accumulated rich management experiences, talents, high technology titles in proportion as high as 30 to 40 per cent, and undergo a rigorous certification process, the General can achieve proficiency in the law, be good at management, skilled professional, with the construction, installation of various expertise, able to carry out technical-economic analysis, proficiency in the use of computer technology. Its range of services to meet the early demonstration from the project, project management, and later a cost assessment of supervision and control content requirements.

4. concluding remarks

Construction investment management is a full dynamic management, participant of many. To improve the efficiency of investment projects, the joint efforts of all participants, in engineering design, dynamic control of timeliness, contract management, cost of regulatory staff comprehensive quality and so much effort and implemented all aspects of the construction process, the details, we believe that our project investment will have a qualitative leap.R>