【 Weak current College 】 2006 awarded Luban Prize

According to Xinhua News yesterday, 2006 Lu Ban prize of China architecture engineering in Beijing, a total of 87 project won the domestic construction industry engineering quality of highest honor awards. This award-winning projects include 87 qinshan nuclear power station engineering, capital Museum, Nanjing Olympic sports center stadium, Hua Yuan Shi, etc.

【 Weak current College 】 cooling towers feature and type description

First, the cooling towers of function and basic principles of the so-called cooling towers by definition that is applied to the cooling tower for the purpose of sprinkler systems; to the top of the General common in small and medium-sized air conditioning with cooling towers, the structure is nothing more than a round or square crust, and the shell from top to bottom, respectively, a ventilation motors and drives the fan of pumping, retaining plate, Isaac (powder) water, the thermal material (fill material), in a outlet, the lowest for the Flume, inlet and outlet and pump motor, its function is absorbed by the air conditioning or heat energy generated by cooling water transfer in cooling towers in the water and air in direct contact with the heat emissions to the atmosphere.　　Because water has a high latent heat (evaporative heat) energy, plus obtain easily, while the air has a moisture capacity in such favourable conditions, cooling towers into the heat of the most effective and least expensive tools.　　Cooling water tower in retaining plate is mainly used for small water droplets of loss stop, when the hot water through the sprinkler nozzles are sprayed in cooling towers to the top of the filler, with gravity downward flow, because the reverse flow of air will result in smaller droplets with air flow to take, in order to reduce the loss of cooling water, water sprinkler nozzles above sets the retaining plate device, small droplets encounter retaining device affected by the barrier and attached files, such as water on stalls on water Edition accumulated up to larger droplets, when its gravity is higher than the air flow driven by impedance drops of reverse power, will fall down to packing. Second, the cooling towers form classification introduction on the market of cooling towers form types, depending on the type of air-driven can be divided into mechanical force-driven (Mechanical draft) and natural convection (Nature Draft); according to air and water flow path of the relative direction, cooling towers, basically can be divided into the reverse-flow (commonly known as counter-flow or reverse flow) and cross-flow (commonly known as a cross-or Exchange); according to cooling water circuit and can be divided into tight loop road-cooling towers or known as hermetic cooling towers, another is the open loop-type cooling tower or called open cooling towers, which closed loop road-type cooling tower, also known as evaporative-cooling towers.　　The different types of cooling towers of features will be described below. 3. air-sidecar (Mechanical Draft) cooling towers is characterized by a mechanical power (generally the motor fan) driven air movement, and water tower in cooling water or heat exchanger for heat and mass transfer in order to reduce the cooling water temperature. Depending on the location can be classified as exhaust fan and blowing-in the so-called two, is blowing-in of air blown into the fan shell inside and Shell internal cooling water to heat and mass transfer Exchange job, usually made of blown under the shell, the absorption of water vapor in the air above a blow out, blown-cooling towers is through the fan will blow out gas into the Tower, the Tower air as positive pressure (greater than 1 atmosphere), density than higher than atmospheric pressure of air density, air heat exchange coefficient is slightly higher, this is blown-cooling towers.　　Usually blow in cooling towers Tower of the surrounding gas density (closed degrees) demanding that the reason was to avoid the tower top air cannot entirely by air blowing out, has not fully and cooling water full exposure to heat and mass transfer; second blowing-in effect by fan blades at the air inlet port local kinetic energy, local wind speed will be a higher end (air outlet side) of the air flow dispersion, export out of the wind speed is more stable, dynamic local outlet not to exhaust type are relatively high, and therefore out of the wind flow scenarios more, this is blown into the shortcomings of cooling towers. Ventilation-cooling tower is usually at the top of the tower is equipped with a motor drive of an axial flow fans, exhaust-hence its Tower in the air as negative pressure (less than a standard atmospheric pressure), the Tower air density is low, as a result of heat and mass transfer coefficient should also be relatively low, this is the disadvantage of exhaust type. However, due to its exports of locally driven fan blade, export a high velocity air local, blowing out of local wind speed is larger, so the drain of humid air is blown off, its back to the traffic is much lower than that of blown-cooling towers, which are the advantages of exhaust type.　　However due to the air density is low (because the outlet air temperature is high and the moisture content is the larger) of ventilation-demand more of the kinetic energy of wind-driven. From the top of the water droplets are often overflow the mechanically driven air-cooling towers are very difficult to completely avoid, because of the cooling towers of cooling water cooling mode to use air and water by direct contact, by the evaporation of water vapor the air away, so the air and water contact area in particular, and thus water droplets scatter when wind speeds are sufficient to drive the water drops, drops of water may vary according to the wind and the water tower up elegant, causing loss of phenomena, splash, usually near the outlet (fan below) equipped with retaining plate to stop water splash damage.　　Ventilation-cooling tower water spatter loss often than blown-cooling towers to many because the ventilation-cooling towers of export local wind speed is large, this point is completely air-cooling towers of shortcomings.　　4. natural convection driven air-type (Nature Draft) cooling towers of natural convection driven air-cooling towers feature is the air flow is according to the temperature difference or density difference the formation of buoyancy driven air flow in cooling towers, not driven by mechanical power, the principle of the air flow is driven by density difference air natural convection to achieve the effect of air circulation; in cooling towers internal air temperature with humidity and are relatively high, the outside temperature is higher, the lower the relative density, moisture content, the more relative density is lower, because the Tower air density and a tower, air density is low, the tower containing humid air floatation results prompted the Tower exterior dry air from the Tower bottom into the Tower, reaching the same mechanical-driven cooling towers of air circulation. In addition to the above category, the cooling towers can be mechanically driven air and natural convection driven air mixture of the two classes, a more advanced natural convection cooling towers, at the bottom with fan-assisted driving air flow (Fan assist cooling tower), this way you can save the height of the Tower, the initial costs are less, but the operation power consumption increased costs arising from its disadvantages. Another natural convection cooling towers internal device of heat after combustion flue pipe outlet, which went to sulfide device may also installed in the Tower, the use of exhaust heat from the flue gas temperature increase, increased convective activityShould be, so you can lower the Tower high savings in initial funding.　　(5) the counter-flow with AC-cooling towers form according to the relative air and water flow path direction, cooling towers, basically can be divided into reverse-flow patterns and cross-flow, air and water to the Tower within the exchange of heat and mass transfer, when the air and water flow in the opposite direction, this is called a counterflow cooling towers and air and water in the vertical direction of mobile users, this is referred to as AC-cooling towers. Common of upstream cooling towers more than round tower-like structure, a circular tower-like structure of cooling towers for own design (but sometimes also for dual model design), mainly due to the round tower-like structure has the ring of the Tuyere, big air volume, efficiency will also be high, the round will be considered more fan combination, can achieve sufficient space utilization. Square cooling towers more module features can usually be done for multiple unit combination products, combined with the housing space utilization, the square for more unit combinations arranged in a straight line, the space utilization of great advantages, within these areas are relatively small. General square of the air intake located below on both sides, counterflow square cooling towers are in a outlet restrictions are small tonnage type, larger tonnage-based communication.　　Counterflow cooling towers of the air primarily by thermal packing under the direction of flow, tricking the above affected by gravity downward flow formation and air counterflow, reverse flow with high heat conductivity, because when water closer, closer to the air inlet, where the air moisture content is low, the wet-bulb temperature relative also lower, even relatively close to the export of low-temperature thermal water has continued, and by air to air close to the exit, the air because of the moisture of the air inlet temperature is improving a lot, but here is the entrance to the water (near Sahara water service), the water temperature is also relatively high, the water heat transfer to air still sustainable, water temperature and the air is always available at the temperature difference, so the high heat efficiency. AC-type cooling tower design is available in the main square, circular design, shape differences mainly consider the venue space arrangements to square easier placement, square AC-cooling towers air flows from the Tower of the lateral, and gravity downward vertical water into the Sahara, because large area on both sides of the water tower, air intake relative cross-sectional area is larger, so this type of design for large tonnage type; AC-cooling towers of packing is typically installed into and level into a winning oblique angle, because the air intake flow direction causes the water to flow through; AC-cooling towers on either side of the heat exchange area is located below the fan is designed to be hollow, air from both sides of the center of the space, then the top fan off, so the exchange type is classified as exhaust-cooling towers. Square AC-cooling towers maximum advantage is space layout easier, have a better ability of module, available from the other side of the multiple sets of parallel still does not affect the air inlet duct of the side; AC-another advantage is less spatter loss, when the air flow from the ends shall be determined by the central space almost level into the up with inertial force of water droplets difficult steering and with fans. But AC-cooling towers, water is unevenly distributed, as well as units of heat transfer surface area is relatively low heat effect is its shortcomings, is located at the water tower near the outlet water temperature on both sides, and the water flows towards the lowest bottom allows lateral water always at low temperature and low temperature of inlet air, and is located in the inside of the cooling water tower more contact with the air and water are the air of the downstream side, air closer downstream end its moisture content is higher, the higher the wet bulb temperature, at which point the water vapour absorption cooling volume is limited, so the inside temperature is also relatively high up on the outside.　　Obviously the thermal heat transfer packed inside a lateral heat carrier temperature slightly worse, uneven distribution of cooling capacity when overall will be slightly lower.　　6 Jet-type cooling tower design Jet-type cooling tower is a so-called long term not be maintenance of cooling towers, the reason is that this type of cooling towers are not required (no) turn component, do not need (no), and does not have soaks wadding circuit in it; because the use of the conditional distribution of a wide, in operation and maintenance scenarios vary, depending on air quality and purity of water. The Jet-type of general maintenance of cooling towers are described below, due to the cooling towers mainly with refrigeration air-conditioning host or industrial process of cooling, generally regarded as host of the system, and more with the host configuration location is not in the same place, while the host is considered to be periodic maintenance of focus, but the cooling towers of related inspection and maintenance work are often been missed. For Jet-type cooling tower of the main system maintenance and cleanliness of the air and water are closely connected, in the air, the factory emissions and some insoluble solids are causing corrosion of the main culprit; water especially water evaporation of impurity will accumulate in the water circulation system, a high concentration to a degree, related scaling and corrosion will produce.　　As the air and water cleanliness is determined fixed displacement and maintenance cycles.　　For Jet-type cooling tower (fanless cooling towers) maintenance of very small, so this kind of cooling towers and as no fault in General-cooling towers, it's maintenance of a relatively small and simple, including nozzle maintenance, make-up water valve maintenance, cleanup of flume, drainage systems review and adjustment, leakage checks, as well as metal surface protection coating inspection and so on.　　The Jet-type cooling towers of spray rate is high, the smaller the nozzle, where the congestion shall particularly careful processing, so the water filter to be more sophisticated, generally fitted with double filter, in addition to sink in a coarse filters, Jet dispersion, together with the former has a smaller particle filters, in order to avoid nozzle blocked shall always remain clean filter screen, so the filter net of the design should be easy to take the easy install. Because of the water must be always examine the air inlet steady flow distributor should be designed to be easily removed from so that we can carry out with the Jet observation. Jet air distribution tubes on the heels of imports after steady flow Distributor, remove the air inlet steady flow distributor to observing jets is normal.　　When the nozzle orifice has blocked are available as non-type brush brushing. 7. open (Open Type) and closed (Closed Type) cooling towers by cooling water circulation loops can be divided into open water sensitive cycle loop type (Open Type) hereinafter referred to as open and closed water circulation loop type (Closed Type) "Closed-type cooling tower, open cooling tower is often used for refrigeration and air conditioning systems or industrial process of cooling, for example in the refrigeration and air conditioning system in its circulation of cooling water main purpose is to serve as the host of ice water condensing refrigerant, when cooling water uptake in the condenser condensation of refrigerant emissions of heat, cooling water temperature will be promoted, in order to make this cooling water recycling, in cooling towers with the Tower of space within the internal air and water quality of convective heat and directly pass, this space is usually equipped with filling materials to increase the cooling water and air of heat and mass transfer area, and a fan will air only from the bottom up, rising air and self watering unit Sala of cooling water in direct contact with the part of the cooling water because of evaporation gasification and was off the air absorption and evaporation gasification of cooling water can be taken away large amounts of energy, to achieve the effect of the cooling water temperature, the temperature of the cooling water to the circulation pump to the condensation of refrigerant condenser absorption release of thermal energy. As the tradition of cooling towers for the open architecture, circulation of cooling water directly in contact with air, the air of pollutants is easy through the contact with the cooling water is water absorption.　　Long-term contact with air, because of the evaporative cooling water constantly need new water added, it is extremely easy to make the cooling water concentration increases, the other with dust and other factors will result in delivery of cooling water foul and ion concentrations increase, easily scaling is now like in the formation of lines and the condenser, the accumulation of scale build-up resulting flow reduction, resulting in increased horsepower and transportation within thermal impedance of the condenser increases, heat exchange efficiency and thus reduce the efficiency of the system allows the decline, the formation of wasted energy and heat exchanger reduces the service life.　　In order to improve the open cooling tower causing heat exchanger inevitable of corrosion and fouling problems, hermetic cooling towers to be the best choice, airtight cooling towers, mainly by a closed loop one side cooling water circulation pipes (the original opening of the cooling water) and then with an opening of the secondary side cooling water circuit, such arrangements can make a side cooling water completely in a closed loop recycling and to avoid the problems of scale factors, at the opening of the secondary side and both phase changes of thermal establishments, there is a high-efficiency liquid to liquid tube type heat exchanger or plate-fin heat exchangers for the purpose of achieving heat; this arrangement of cooling towers of component as its key, high-efficiency water spray and spray head, on liquid pipe type or plate-fin heat exchangers and stall shower bath, etc.　　Closed-type cooling towers to pipe type airtight cooling towers structure more and more for refrigeration and air conditioning systems or industrial process cooling and water cooling job agencies, cool water to avoid structure occurred in refrigeration and air conditioning systems or industrial process of in-house, to maintain the long-term nature of high thermal transfer agency efficiency thus prolonging life and conservation agencies and save maintenance costs, and so on, apart from the tube type, using the plate heat exchanger in airtight cooling towers structure is also an effective way to present to employers are already active in its efficient plate heat exchanger for cooling towers, and has a number of years. 8. reduce the emission of visible moisture-cooling towers (saving) design General cooling towers (classic) discharge of water and gas mixture are approximated or beyond saturation, full evaporation of water vapor is a colorless, however if the exhaust with incomplete evaporation of water mist is a white smoke (mist) formation, when temperatures are low, white steam caused Visual obstacles are serious, some areas are causing visual impairments, especially winter season due to low temperatures, when water vapor emissions into the atmosphere when it is formed by heat and water fog. If you want to avoid water mist cause visual impairments are like, emission gas as possible below the saturation, one can reduce water vapor discharge of cooling water tower design, as shown in Figure 12, the design principles is the cooling towers are divided into two sections for dry, wet, dry section is located in the upper area of the hot water inlet, wet period is located in the River district, hot water first to do sections upstream areas and air for heat, this area of the water and the air completely area into two road, non-contact, no water evaporation and therefore the air dry, General design this section uses the pipe fin type heat exchanger or only bare tube type heat exchanger, hot water through the dry period followed into the wet period area, wet section area of water and air direct contact for heat and mass transfer, this segment of the air because of the evaporative water export approach saturation; dry air and exhaust of wet air from the fan, and for mixed before discharge into the atmosphere, far from saturated, exhaust gas to form after a difficult therefore does not return a water mist discharge is like a Visual disorder problems.　　However due to the increase in the dry section district, this design increases the cost, of course, it also reduces water evaporation. IX. conclusions of the cooling towers of many kinds, currently on the market mainly still to traditional open to main products, however, the structure has been the most difficult to effectively overcome the problem with the notion of closed-type cooling tower constantly popular, future cost to overcome the high efficiency of closed-type cooling tower will have the opportunity to replace the traditional open cooling towers, then the noise problem to be resolved, no fan cooling towers will be able to effectively address the noise problem, but is still subject to further improvement of the product.

【 Weak current College 】 water source heat pump technology concept features and working principle describes

Summary: this article first introduces the concept of a water source heat pump technology and works, along with boiler and air source heat pump energy utilization perspective have done a comparative, water source heat pump technology is the use of renewable energy technology. Subsequently, detailed description of the characteristics of the water source heat pump and introduced to the source application and abroad on the basic situation and China's current development and application of water-source heat pump, finally, the prospect of a special describes Tsinghua tongfang water source heat pump technology features and China water source heat pump application questions.

First, water source heat pump technology concepts and working principle

Water source heat pump technology is the use of shallow water on the Earth's surface, such as groundwater, rivers and lakes in the absorption of solar and geothermal energy and formed by low temperature heat energy resources and the principle of using heat pumps, through a small number of high energy input, low heat energy to high heat transfer of technology.

The Earth's surface in shallow water sources such as depth of 1000 meters of ground water, surface of rivers and lakes and oceans, the absorption of the Sun enters the Earth's radiant energy and water temperatures are generally very stable. Water source heat pump unit works is in the summer heat in the building to the water, because water temperature low, so you can go high zone, while in winter, the heat is extracted from the water, energy and heat pump principle by air or water as refrigerant elevated temperature evacuation to the building. Usually water source heat pumps consume energy, 1kW users can get more than heat 4kW or cold.

Water source heat pump based on water use, can be divided into a closed system and two open system. Closed system means the water side as a set of closed-loop heat pipe, casing general horizontal or vertical buried or lake water, and soil or water heat exchanger to achieve the energy transfer. (Where buried in the soil system also known as the buried in the ground-source heat pump, seawater system also known as sea water source heat pumps). Open system is measured from the surface water, ground water or heat exchangers after the direct discharge of the system.

And boiler (electricity, fuel) and air-source heat pump for heating systems, water source heat pumps have a distinct advantage. Boiler heating only 90%-98% of the power or 70 ~ 90% of the fuel energy into heat, available to users, so the ground source heat pump than electric boiler heating savings of more than two thirds of the energy savings than fuel boiler half of energy; as the water source heat pump heat temperature year-round more stable, generally 10 to 25 degrees centigrade, refrigeration, heating coefficient 3.5 ~ 4.4, and compared with traditional air-source heat pump, up to 40 percent, its running cost for General conditioning of 50-60%. Therefore, in the last decade, especially in the last five years, water source heat pump system in North America such as the United States, Canada and Switzerland and the Nordic as, Sweden and other countries made a rapid development, China's water-source heat pump market are becoming increasingly active, you can expect that this technology will become the 21st century most effective heating and cooling and air conditioning technology.

In traditional Chinese concept of air conditioning systems, because of the country's economic development and policy influence, in a rather long period, to the North in General resolved-fired boilers for heating in winter, in the South to cold water unit to solve the problem of summer cooling. In the 1980s, the refrigeration unit began to diversify, at this point, the emergence of lithium bromide unit, forced-air cooling unit, unit capacity is from the original-sized turbine transition to large unit, in the 1990s, for heating way began to try new things and explore in the wake of sustainable development and public awareness-raising, the world and China energy structure is changing, from the original coal, oil heating transition to natural gas and electricity, and other clean energy sources. Air pollution in Beijing as the most serious one, its governance, urban air pollution policies in respect of structural adjustment, including energy, mainly from coal to natural gas and electricity energy alternatives. However, alternative energy sources while part of the solution to the problem of air pollution, natural gas and oil, etc., are not renewable sources of energy, from the perspective of sustainable development, the need to improve energy efficiency or renewable energy seeking, water source heat pump unit is ideal for a device.

II. characteristics of water-source heat pump

Due to the water source heat pump technology using surface water for air conditioning unit refrigeration heating source, so it has the following advantages:

1. in the case of renewable energy technology

Water source heat pump is the use of the Earth water is stored solar energy resources as heat and cold sources, energy conversion of heating and air conditioning systems. Where you can take advantage of the water, including water or river, the surface of some rivers and lakes, and oceans. Surface soil and water is not only a huge solar collector, a collection of 47 per cent of the solar radiation energy, than the human use of energy per year up to 500 times more (ground water through the soil indirectly accept solar radiation energy), and is a huge dynamic energy balance system, the surface of the soil and water naturally maintain energy acceptance and divergence of relative equilibrium. This makes the use of stored in one of the almost infinite solar or geothermal energy. Therefore, water source heat pumps use the clean renewable energy technology.

2, high efficiency and energy saving

Water source heat pump unit available water temperature in winter is 12 ~ 22 ° c, water temperature, air temperature higher than, the heat pump cycle of evaporating temperature increases, the energy efficiency ratio also improved. While summer water-18 ~ 35 ° c, water temperature higher than ambient air temperature is low, therefore reducing refrigeration condensing temperature, cooling effect of better than-air cooled and cooling tower, generating efficiency. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency EPA estimates, design and install a good water source heat pump, on average, you can save users 30-40 per cent of the running of the heating refrigeration and air conditioning.

3. run stable and reliable

Water temperature throughout the year is relatively stable, its scope is far less fluctuation of air change. Is a very good air conditioning with heat pump, heat and cold sources, water temperature is constantCharacteristics that make the heat pump unit operation more reliable and stable, but also ensures that the system's efficiency and economy. No air-source heat pumps winter defrosting and other difficult issues.

4. environmental benefits significantly

Water source heat pump uses power, power itself as a clean source of energy, but in power generation, consumption of primary energy and lead pollutants and carbon dioxide emissions of greenhouse gases. So the energy of the device itself is the small contamination. Design good water source heat pump unit of electricity consumption, and air-source heat pump is equivalent to less than 30 per cent, compared with electrical heating, equivalent to 70 percent. Water source heat pump technology adoption of R22 refrigerant, or R134A, R410A, R407C and substitute total quality, water source heat pump unit is run without any pollution, you can build in residential areas, there is no burning, no smoke, no waste, no need to dump fuel waste site, and no long distance transmission of heat.

5, multi-purpose a machine, a wide range of applications

Water source heat pump system for heating, air conditioning, also for hot water supply, multi-purpose a machine, a system can replace the original boiler plus air conditioning of two sets of equipment or systems. Especially for both heating and cooling requirements of the building, there is a clear water source heat pump. Not only saves a tremendous amount of energy, and use a set of devices can both heating and cooling requirements, reducing the initial investment of the device. Water source heat pump can be applied to hotels, shopping malls, office buildings, schools and other buildings, small water-source heat pump is more suitable for Villa residential heating and air conditioning.

6, automatic operation

Water source heat pump unit because the condition is stable, so you can design simple systems, parts, plant operation simple, reliable, low maintenance; a high degree of automatic control, long service life up to 15 years. Of course, like any thing, water source heat pump is not perfect, its application would also be affected by the restriction.

⑴, available water conditions

Water source heat pump is theoretically possible to make use of all water resources, in fact, in a real project, different water use of cost differences are considerable. Therefore, in the different regions of the availability of suitable water-source heat pump water source as a key part of the application. Current water heat pump uses, closed system generally cost more. And open system, the possibility of finding suitable water becomes the use restrictions of water-source heat pump. Off-system, water requirements must meet a certain temperature, water and cleanliness.

⑵, water geographical hierarchy restrictions

For use of underground water recharge, consideration must be given to the use of the geological structure, make sure that you can drill wells in economy find appropriate sources of water, at the same time should also consider the local geology and soil conditions, guarantee to use tail water recharge can achieve.

⑶, investment economics

Due to different users in different regions, and the national energy policy, fuel prices, the basic conditions of water; one-time investment and running costs with the user. Although in General, water source heat pump operation more efficient and less costly. But unlike traditional air conditioning heating way compared to the different needs in different areas of the economics of investing in water-source heat pump will vary.

III. domestic water heat pump for the development and characteristics

Abroad, study on water-source heat pump fall two heat pump systems: one for ground source heat pumps, a heat pump seawater. Which heat pump the true meaning of the commercial applications are nearly ten years of history, but the development is very fast. Such as the United States, as of 1985 National 14,000 Mesa heat pump, which is installed in 1997 45,000 units installed so far, but the 400,000 annually to 10 per cent of the rate steady growth. In 1998 the United States commercial building ground source heat pump system has accounted for the total population of air conditioners 19%, with new buildings account for 30 per cent. United States ground source heat pump industry was established by the United States energy and environmental research (Energy & EnvironmentalResearchCenter), the United States Federation of groundwater resources (NationalGroundWaterAssociation), Edison Electric Institute (EdisonElectricInstitute) and numerous ground-source heat pump manufacturing design marketing companies and Government agencies and contractors, 146 Member United States ground source heat pump Association, the Association in recent years will be invested US $ 100 million in the development, research and extension work. United States plan to achieve annual 2001 installed 40 million target platform, heat pump, water source heat pump 15 per cent, will reduce greenhouse gas emissions 1 million tons, equivalent to a reduction of half a million car emissions or kind of tree-planting 1 million acres, the annual saving energy costs up to $ 4.2, thereafter, the annual energy costs increase 1.7 billion.

United States water source heat pump manufacturers are famous companies have AddisonProductsCompany, AdvancedGeothermalTechnology, CarrierCorporation, ClimateMasterInc., EconarEnergySystemsCorporation, FHPManufacturing, MammothInc., TheTraneCompany, WaterFurnaceInternational etc. United States water source heat pump and applied more biased for residential and commercial small-scale system (20RT below) and the use of water-air systems, such as the well-known TRANE, launch products. In large buildings, the United States implemented the system, i.e. water ring WLHP heat pump system.

And the United States in the development of different ground-source heat pump, Central, and Northern Europe such as Sweden,Switzerland, Austria, Germany and other countries mainly use shallow geothermal resources, underground soil buried pipes (depth < 400 m deep) of ground source heat pump, used to indoor floor heating and providing hot water. According to a 1999 statistics for household heating appliances, the proportion of ground source heat pumps, Switzerland is 96%, 38%, Austria as a 27 per cent in Denmark. At the same time, the Nordic sea research and application of heat pump or more.

The earliest in the 1950s, in Shanghai, Tianjin and other places to get summer winter irrigation way extract groundwater cooling heat energy Research Institute, Tianjin University Professor Lu-Chan on our earliest heat pump, 1965, developed the first water-cooled heat pump air conditioner. At present, China's Tsinghua University and Tianjin University, Chongqing jianzhu University, Tianjin University, Guangzhou Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences wait a number of universities and research institutions in research on water-source heat pump. One of Tsinghua University in multiple load water source heat pump after years of research has formed the fruits of industry, has completed a number of demonstration projects. Domestic water source heat pump manufacturer in Tsinghua tongfang artificial environment equipment company, Shandong Haiyang fuerda is earlier water source heat pump manufacturers, but also a considerable number of refrigeration and air conditioning manufacturers be ordinary cold water unit for water-source heat pump. China's water-source heat pump research and application has just started, compared with foreign countries, in heat pump design of optimization and engineering application also exists a large gap.

At present, the world particularly optimistic about China's market. United States Department of energy and the Ministry of science and technology in November 1997, signed the Sino-u.s. energy efficiency and renewable energy cooperation protocol, which is one of the main content of the "heat pump", the project is intended to be used in China, Beijing, Hangzhou and Guangzhou 3 cities with the building of a geothermal heat pump for heating and air conditioning business architecture to promote the use of such "green technology", alleviate China coal and oil dependence, so as to achieve the aim of diversification of energy resources. Allegedly "Hua Ting Garden" that is, the application of this project. 2000 June 19 to 23 November in Beijing by the Ministry of science and new technology development and industrialization of Division held a u.s. geothermal pump Technology Conference, the Conference theme is "the use of geothermal heat pump technologies provided to residential or public buildings heating refrigeration, significantly reducing the running cost of the energy saving solution" topic.

In the next few years, China is facing a huge energy pressure. On the one hand, China's economy to maintain a relatively high rate of growth, on the other hand, it must take account of environmental protection and sustainable development issues. So called energy efficiency, energy restructuring required. Energy efficiencies, and encourage a variety of energy-saving equipment and technologies, the direction of energy restructuring is primarily from coal to gas, until the conversion to electricity. In China's energy consumption, building energy consumption ratio is quite high. In order to adapt to market requirements and participate in international competition, we must speed up China's brand of water source heat pump industry in research and development.

Fourth, Tsinghua tongfang technical characteristics of water-source heat pump

Tsinghua tongfang development of water source heat pump unit is designed for large and medium-sized construction development can achieve module combination water-water heat pump unit. You can make use of ground water and water of the lakes and rivers as well as the geothermal water. On different water source, you can do with intermediate heat exchanger to constitute a closed or open system. Unit in the work of hot and cold water through the switch on the system of the switch and the implementation of the pipeline, fluoride system remains stable.

According to the study of the compressor and market forecasts, planning of water-source heat pump consists of 4 different sizes: GHP300, GHP500, GHP600, GHP1000. Which basic GHP300 and GHP500 module, 2 x compressor independent system and 3 independent system compressor, GHP600 and GHP100 as GHP300 and GHP500 combination. GHP300 in standards for groundwater heat heating condition, in standard 309KW groundwater refrigeration cycle cooling capacity as 265KW.

Tsinghua tongfang's water source in product design, use of the technology line is: the use of R22 refrigerant, mature made of heat-pump technology, taking into account the actual situation in China, focusing on high water temperature and the realization of wide operation temperature, select and determine the compressor working points and scope of work, in the spirit and energy saving ideas, design of large temperature difference of water heat exchanger. Fluoride system design uses subsystem fully independent modular concept system parts quantity and quality. Control system fully consider the coherence of the various system controls, and set a variety of security, taking water system water pump control and remote operation. Tsinghua tongfang's water-source heat pump in addition to the traditional water source heat pump all the features, as China's national conditions designed system, it is worth noting that features:

1, heating water temperature high

We offer water source heat pump in standard mode, you can ensure that the water temperature stabilized at 52 ° c during testing and the actual use, the user has done 56 ° c for running experiments. Provide high water temperature, can increase efficiency, reduce the Interior side of the device selection capacity, and that indoor thermal comfort.

2, water side and out of the water temperature, water conservation

When working in the unit, water-side access in winter water temperature difference is 7 ° c, while in summer the water temperature difference of access to 10 degrees centigrade. Different from the traditional 5 ℃ temperature design, you can save water 20%-50%, and correspondingly reduced intake (e.g. drilling wells and pumps run). The thought of Yen-Chi Sen timber industrial in 1997 's "China refrigeration and air-conditioning industry technology development status and prospects of argumentation.

3, system optimization, part of sophisticated and reliable

Through the optimization of the system and the combination of independent modules, the final unit system is quite simple and reliable, but refrigeration parts selection are industry quality sophisticated brand, ensuring reliable operation of the unit.

4, unit capacity is big, wide application

Unit design stand-alone minimumCapacity to 150KW heat, you can open or closed type system, you can use groundwater recharge by drilling wells, can also increase the intermediate heat exchanger use river water of the lake or the sea. You can even take advantage of geothermal water tail.

5. run simple, quiet

Due to the use of intelligent automation, unit of operation is simple, with efficient protective measures that units of muffling operation noise is no longer difficult to accept.

5. at present, China's water-source heat pump application problems

Water source heat pumps as a new type of refrigeration and heating way, from a technical point of view, especially in the heat pump's perspective should be fairly mature, no problem. But taking into account the situation of China, as well as water-source heat pump heating systems as a whole to promote the application, or there are some problems:

1. water use policy

In order to protect the limited water resources, developed the People's Republic of China, the city's water law have developed their own "urban water management organization. These policies are stressed water, water charges. And approval of standards for similar requirements for water-source heat pump technology does not provide, water source heat pump is very easy to be indicators of water use. Notwithstanding the approval by the water, because in some places the water taking and discharge twice by fees, the fees of the national standards without unity, so results may cause high water, water source heat pump operation costs less than the increase in water, water source heat pump economics become enquiries. Therefore, the promotion of water-source heat pump requires government from the perspective of sustainable development, environmental protection and resources integrated energy aspects into consideration, adjust the water source heat pump water policies, the need to redefine how management and water charges in order to promote the development of its mass.

2, water exploration mining technology and costs

In China, currently on the water, especially urban water detection technology should improve the application of the water source heat pump is one of the prerequisites must understand local water sources, water source heat pumps use of early, must be ground on the water situation, groundwater quantity if there is water, the water is sufficient, the venue is suitable for drilling wells and recharge. And detection of mining technology improves and costs lower, will promote water source heat pump unit of the better application.

3. groundwater recirculation technology

Water source heat pump to use groundwater, water recharge must be considered, for Reinjection Technology must be combined with local geological situation considerations, to consider recharging technology. We have different areas of geological structure know also, that also restricting the spread of water-source heat pump unit.

4. the overall system design

Water source heat pump system for energy conservation as a system, you must consider all aspects, if water source heat pump unit can take advantage of smaller water provides more energy, but the system design on the pump, and other energy-consuming equipment selection for improper or incorrect, will control reduce the system's energy saving effect. Similarly, if the unit offers high water temperature, but the design of the air-conditioning system of the Terminal is not to be appropriate to consider, and may cause the entire system of effect, or it makes the whole system of initial investment. Therefore, the application of water-source heat pump, need more various professional fields to come together to jointly support from government policies, host of design and manufacture, system design and management aspects of all participants.

【 Weak current College 】 decoration nursery rampage, means mean need beware

Sell a "medicine", the sale of the housing care "housing care", today this building materials and home decoration industry, also appeared in various forms of "child care". The arrival of the peak season as decoration, these "child care" and also the day we're at it, let the person being harassed. Not long ago, Mr. Wang is the city in a furniture market made a marble washbasins, home delivery of the road trying to down-flow pipe joints and mixer etc. bought together. To help his delivery of Porter looks very sincere and very warm "bypass" pulled into a small hardware store. 1 mixer, 6 launching joint total spent 100 Yuan, hurry home installation of Mr. Wang and didn't realize that there is more expensive, that even if there is a difference, and will not be very large. Can be customized bathroom glass doors yesterday when it found that it took him 45 Yuan to tap market only sell 10 million. Expert secret: Home material many shop has its own fixed Porter. Usually these porters to help merchants shipping delivery, every chance I get guest when "nursery". In the transport of building materials, to sit out the "expert" status and businessmen sing "deed". Because most of the recommended goods belong to the spare parts, customer seldom care. -Decoration of the "child care" Raiders: market supply so adequate, if you want to save money, many walk way, ask several stores, may also be experiencing special bargain. Mr. Tian simple to pack the House recently. First, change the window after window, Planer, by force of cement workers full do, a bag of labels for the cement to 400, $ 20. Swap out PVC Windows, Mr. ready scraping a big white again. Ask a couple of "crossing the partisan" and eventually found a minimum price, best known as a craft. Last weekend, two houses down to a full 3 barrels. Because the raw material plant is too far away from their homes, and scraping the large white workers told him that the way to work, so when Mr. often makes workers buy raw materials. You can hear the neighbours after yesterday introduced Mr. knew, not far from his home to have a new opening of small paint factory, a bucket of lime is cheaper than he bought 10 Yuan, 400 number of cement market also but $ 12. Expert secret: most of the streets and so alive scraping large white or force workers, and paint factory or dealer has a tacit agreement. Because employers are less likely to spent time at the purchased raw materials are at a line, and almost no one asked for invoices, therefore, these workers more easily when the "nursery" for the benefit of easier. -Decoration of the "child care" Raiders: before you can begin to inquire about the market of building materials material price. This is not convenient to purchase materials, be aware of. For customers to save money, Mr. Li has been convinced. So last month, he joined through the Internet by Shenyang launched a community owners group organizations purchase floor. 20 more people joining the group purchasing organizations and bought a total of 1400 square meters of floor, group purchase of flooring brands but seven species, while in Anshan have distribution agencies only. According to Mr. Lee group purchase price, purchase of composite floor 1 square 120 million. Recently, the market investigation, Mr. LEE, group purchase price discovered and how much lower than the market, a brand of the group purchase price floor or even as their existing market discount pricing. Expert secret: the part of customers, they will take the "opening" of identity to some business owners recommend high rebate rate building materials. Consumers once purchased, they will be able to get the rebate. Another situation is familiar with the decoration and the furniture industry of building materials, decoration companies, material supplier, customer, use the bulk of the opportunity to advance and businessmen with definite a lower price, and reported to other participants of the price is higher than the price of the negotiations, thereby reaping the post. -Decoration of the "child care" strategy: information developed today, the floor area is on a network of Community Forum, it is easy to organize group purchase. But after all, fantasy, although the network group purchase intention was good, but don't forget to look at the organizer's character. Purchase floor of Mr. Lin is encountering another trap. Go after several floor shops, Mr. Lin 15mm Chinese and a thick laminate flooring. Paying the deposit ready for delivery, the shop owner didn't tell him that he would suit has been discontinued, but you can only place stringing a goods together. And to assure him of consistent, quality or variety. On the floor do not really understand Mr. Lin at two decoration are the same, and the thickness of the floor appearance are the same, you agree that stringing a goods together. Until you install after 5 months, Mr. Lin was through network aware, two floor surface abrasion resistant coatings vary greatly, price per square meter is also a difference of 20 million. Experts in secret: and now the market increasingly competitive, the same type products often have many dealers, many materials are engaging in "stringing a goods together," business. Traders and merchants through the intimate tie between the profit them equally. Also, same colors, the style of ceramic tile or parquet will vary depending on product batch split grades, and lay people it's hard to tell from the surface. -Decoration of the "child care" strategy: business recommended brand, to be aware that Internet check related materials or consult a professional, do a price comparison.

【 Weak current College 】 decoration wiring process and acceptance measures xiangjie

Now the home decoration wiring but a big project, in addition to laying cable, TV cable and telephone cable, audio cable, video cable, an increasing number of computers to play every family of network cabling is indispensable. If you are not a professional and technical personnel, so many cable to straighten out a head sequence is not a simple thing, besides the rooms using the later process but also the use of convenient, safe and beautiful. I estimate a few years later, no home network cabling system House, just as the lack of serious planning now hydro House obsolete, is full of cable winding together, really "shear continuously, mess."　　How in the decoration of these professional is referred to as "weak" on various cable (also to include a power cord) unified planning in an orderly, becoming a modern home decoration. Usually decoration once action up transaction complexity, as well as the comprehensive wiring that cannot (or not) to give sufficient attention. Construction party, not to mention, now decoration market only a very small number of construction team can have a professional electrician provides you with regular electrical construction. If these subtle projects handled improperly, and you do not have monitoring in place, it will give future occupancy after using a lot of trouble and regret, even irretrievable losses. So we need to understand and grasp some home network cabling, so as not to suffer regret later.　　I believe everyone don't want to forget in key locations to install a socket or a cable connection, and in their newly renovated new home open wall zaobi, bother. 1. home network cabling system family GCs is the TV, telephones, computer networks, multimedia audio and video Center, the automatic warning devices designed for centralized control of electronic systems, namely the family by these cables connected devices can be centrally controlled by a device, before they are but "silo". Because of the different power systems provided (such as power lines), because they transmit voltage is not high (typically in 12V or so), it seems like such a cable system is called the comprised of cabling systems. Generic cabling system is mainly composed of information access box, the signals and signal port, if the cabling system to the home of the nervous system, information access box is the brain, and signal lines and signal port is the nerves and nerve endings. Information distribution cable box's role is to control the input and output of electronic signals. Signal cable transmission of electronic signals. Signal port connected to a terminal device. Such as: TV, telephone, computer, etc.　　General information about access compared to primary box at least can control cable television signals (including satellite TV), telephone voice signal and digital signals three electronic signal (or what you want it?), but more advanced wiring boxes you can control video, audio (or AV) signal, and if your community provides the corresponding service, also enables electronic monitoring, automatic alarm, remote copy hydro gas meter, and a series of functions. A typical household composition of cabling system: this system is the one including the distribution of devices, as well as various cable and various information export of standard connectors of the various components of the integrated, modular design and tiered star topology, each functional module and line relatively independent, a single household equipment or lines failure will not affect the use of other electrical appliances. Household integrated distribution management system for distribution equipment mainly by the monitor module, computer modules, telephone module, TV module, audio module and extension interface, such as the composition, the function has access, distribution, transfer and maintenance management. Based on the actual needs of users, you can use the flexible combination, so as to support the telephone/fax, Internet access, cable TV, home theater, music appreciation, video-on-demand, fire alarm, security alarm, air conditioning, automatic control, lighting control, gas leak alarm and water/electricity/gas three table automatically CC (the latter two features require the community to provide services) and other applications. For example, household premises distribution system is a smart home residential "nervous system", all the residential electrical equipment can be controlled by it to unity. It simply is a unified management and use of telephone, computer, TV, DVD player, security equipment, security equipment, water/electricity/gas automatic meter reading device and in the future other information appliance integrated cabling system. Second, cabling is family decoration trend now has in many parts of the establishment of community broadband network or broadband network that will enable cable TV network, computer, network, telephone network triple play, for public offers an integrated service. With the continuous improvement of living standards, modern home entertainment, telecommunications, security and the growing demand for higher demands, the progressive universal notebook, the people at home in all the rooms to have access to the Internet, you can work from home, automated control of various household appliances device, it needs to have a unified home network.　　Home cabling becomes urgent needs, using standardized household wiring system gradually become water, electricity, gas, after the first four essential domestic infrastructure.　　As people's standard of living, in the near future, it is estimated that there is no use home cabling housing would like no watering, the circular telegram, ventilation in the magical, home wiring will become and the water, electricity, gas, as necessary. In the modern family, weak electricity cables more and more: If the family owns a few computers, interconnected network cable is not less.　　These tend to family line too much, too out of trouble, if you use home cabling management system for all electronic advance buried cable, you can save the trouble of passing by in the future, and to ensure the family's appearance and fitment. With the rapid development of broadband networks and universal, many cities in the country today opened the broadband IP network or broadband information community have begun to walk into a normal family. But it's like broadband applications only provide "broadband to the home" option, and only the address family of cabling to truly solve the "broadband to desktop" with computer technology, communications technology, automation technology, multidisciplinary development and mutual integration, family will in the near future a truly intelligent, and use of household telephone, within the familyTelevision, computers, and other tools through home cabling management system will be electric, water, gas, and other equipment integrated and connected to the Internet, so as to achieve autonomous control, management and implementation, such as family security, disaster prevention, alarm, remote control via Internet appliances, and other powerful features, and as the network's comprehensive business development, will be realized as VOD, online shopping, SOHO family Office, distance education, telemedicine, etc, so that families can enjoy real high work, learning and entertainment, therefore, to home cabling management system as the basis for the construction of the home network should include broadband Internet, Internet and home control networks, and other aspects, the relationship between the three are: broadband Internet are family foreign bridge, implementation and external communication and interaction between the family of the Internet is a network based information appliance and the Internet can be a very good connection, control network is on a variety of home appliances device control, the first two complementary role of the network.　　Family in cabling, to have certain advance mental consciousness, the family of three network pre-established to meet upcoming family intelligent.　　In General, and are compared to traditional wiring, using home cabling system for home cabling at least has the following advantages of: 1, standard construction, can ensure the quality and performance; 2, a unified control and management, in the daily life in the future, use, management and maintenance is convenient; 3, system compatibility is good, no matter which network wiring devices, provides support; 4, scalability, and flexibility combined, all of the "information points" are common, adding new devices or appliances, you can immediately put through use. Using home cabling management system on the one hand, meet the current needs and also fully adaptable to future intelligent household needs. 3. integrated wiring project instance to a four-bedroom and 2-bathroom of the House, for example, in the planning scenario the entire room in the information point 35, the information panel 28, several cable specifications.　　　The information point and the Panel of distribution of this package can be accomplished as follows: 1, living room, master bedroom, study room, children's room are installed cable TV interface, you can watch a cable TV program. 2. where the export of local AV can simultaneously share a VCD (video recorder/VCD/DVD) and a satellite TV receiver.　　This can reduce the cost of the acquisition of laserdisc player, thereby reducing the cost of upgrading laserdisc player; to reduce the space of laserdisc player, nor frequent mobile DVD player; there is one advantage is that parents can control program source to prevent underage children in the room look unhealthy content, its advertised content affected by parental control; in addition to the audio and video system to all rooms advertised on satellite TV. 3, can master bedroom, study room, children's room of radio receiving equipment control room Hi-Fi, DVD player, electric curtains, remote-control device.　　E.g. you can master the living room with remote control room DVD playback menu. 4, living room, master bedroom, study room, children's room, the kitchen, there are five types of network cable, you can choose a different location on the Internet; also for network appliance access using the interface. Through a network switch, you can make up your home LAN for resource sharing, online gaming, and other functions, and of course we can also be set to multiple devices at the same time on the Internet (if you have surfed in the refrigerator).　　Den left cable jack, not only can you use a computer to watch TV, you also might want to use a Cable Modem? 5, living room, master bedroom, study room, children's room, the kitchen, the ISP will access the phone. Through the program-controlled telephone switch between various extensions for intercom and transfer, vibrate; you can set the computer operator functions; main phone can be on another extension to functional limitations, and many other features. We even can do when someone is calling to hear is "Hi, here is the ※ ※ ※ ※ home, living room, press 1, toilets 2, please ...　　Inquiring, dial 0 … "results, ensure the owner anywhere in the room, within two steps can get a phone call. 6, the user may from time to time as needed on each line is adjusted and management.　　For example, parents can always cut off any one line of output, to ensure that students in the learning time is not possible to use the telephone, television, computers, etc.; can be a line from the telephone to data, thereby changing the use of features and so on. However, this kind of integrated distribution management system can not control of traditional refrigerators, washing machines can do, wiring solution involves only electrical appliances: computer, projector (or TV), telephone, electric screen, TV antennas, electric curtains, DVD player, etc. If you select the molding of information appliances and intelligent home system connections, including network appliances (such as Haier network refrigerators, microwave ovens and other networks), you can realize centralized control across the room. 1. project preparation preliminary preparation are critical to the entire project. Design from the placing of electrical equipment to the design and construction of wiring, a little carelessness shall not, therefore, we first need to do is draw one bedroom floor plan, and then move all planned information points of interest in the figure, the following will need to be connected to the line art, and roughly graph to calculate the length of the various cables (one principle is rather long is short). Materials purchased for PVC pipe and wire rod, wire: strong, good quality. Network cable, this is of course Needless to say, no matter whether needed after 1000M speed, it is best to buy hyper-5 twisted-pair cable, phone cord directly instead of using a twisted pair. Because the various cables to be embedded in the ground or wall in vivo long-term use, cannot be arbitrarily replaced, so the quality of the cable has become particularly important, not just for the sake of time and money, but rather from the formal purchase cable channels, to avoid future trouble. If not enough comfortable home decoration budget, purchasing home cabling management system, you may be on a standard "smart home line box", and planning, paved enough lines, to form a basis for smart home wiring system, so that both can immediately use in the future, you can easily replace, configure more powerful intelligent line box.　　Each resettlement home intelligent construction should be in the spirit of "practical, appropriate advance" principle, according to the actual demand and spending power, select the solution. 2. Start projectConstruction as we expected, will all need to prepare for the purchase of wire back to categorize the ends of the wire and then affix the corresponding labels (this is important). Afterwards, we will walk in a line of wire, then you'll get some bundles of lines are simple, and follow your plan they are arranged. As regards the integrated distribution management system placed at home where, as everyone's convenience, housed in the library can also be, or hidden in the corner of the living room. Here tend to remind everyone that the wiring time inevitably on the wall and ground punch cutting groove, but for the safety of you and others, this work best in accordance with the provisions of the property sector.　　Note that the phone cord outlet in the bathroom must be near the toilet, or meaningless (toilet on the telephone is not to manage in the settlement of when not to hurry to go out on the phone!). Thread former be sure to check the status of wire connectivity, dressed in only to find no is in trouble. In addition it is also important to note that all connectors are the best in the final production, many special connectors before the thread can only make a header, if both do not wear out.　　Like computer network lines, and other professional wire connectors, it is best to ask professionals for help. Upon completion of the renovation works, you can make a variety of devices. We need to prepare tools in addition to a pair of pliers to have installed gaizhui telephone Crystal head professional pliers, install network cable Crystal head professional pliers. In each room to install a telephone and is set on the switch.

4. construction of integrated wiring project but a permanent works, your decoration finished but not easily changed, once the errors and omissions, but a big trouble: La open wire, does not look good; removal of decoration, heavy cloth dark line that too distressed nor cost-effective.　　Therefore, in order not to leave the worries and regret that in the future, in the construction of each link is a good idea to note the following aspects. 1, pre-construction to fully consider all functional areas of the electrical and lighting equipment, and on this basis a rough calculation of each wire corresponding wire cross section area.　　　Should, as far as possible, the use of high-quality copper sheath and installation terminal box to prevent aging and broken, causing the Panel installation difficulties. 2. draw the indoor circuit distribution map, and a variety of lamps, switches, outlets, and power strips for coordinates and height to determine routes converge towards and branch.　　　The best selection of different wire colors to identify the different circuits. 3, it is best to wear out the power cord to the flame retardant pipes after laying. In addition the combustible structure of the ceiling should be set the power switch, disconnect the power supply if necessary.　　　All wires are inside the junction box.　　　4, indoor line each tap total capacity should not be more than 3000 Watt, every single circuit load current to control the air conditioning in the proper range wait household electricity supply market players must set dedicated line (air conditioning power line had better not less than 5 "square").　　5. switch installation height generally is apart from the ground, 1200-1350 mm socket General 200-300 mm, power strips height to 1800-2000 mm. If you are ready to lay the ground wood flooring, composite or wood (bamboo), it is recommended that wherever possible the wire cloth in skirting behind the corner, just plug in the wall, door or through wall parts and so on place embedded a small cutting line pipe behind the plinth, line pipes can have died in the Middle don't bend tube stay good lead wire, wait until you finish laying the floor, but not yet installed plinth when wearing the wire.　　And so, after you have installed the plinth and you will not see any trace of alignment, very beautiful. This construction method has several benefits: 11, because of the flooring is in the final phase of the renovation works, such as flooring, threading, can effectively prevent long construction period caused accident damage on the wire; 2, you can have more time to choose the right wire; 3, when then replaced the line, the line can be added, remove the plinth to construction, is very convenient; 4, because the line pipe does not take the floor, so there is no need to cut solid wood (bamboo) underfloor wood joist (line pipe and wood joist except towards consistent), thereby enhancing the construction quality, reduce or even avoid solid wood (bamboo) floor a stepped off; in the North also prevents broken keel, wooden (bamboo) floor joints due to drying larger influence in appearance; 5, saves most buy line pipe.　　In fact, pavement flooring workers rather than construction ground covered with spider-like line pipe, because that will affect the construction speed and quality. If your tile surface is, the best route to the embedded line pipe. Line pipe role not only to protect the wire, it also has convenient features change line. Therefore, the embedded line pipe in the middle of the first cannot have a right to die-bending, to solve problems, make wire bend can be easily worked out in the on-line tube. Second line pipe best plastic coil (a half-hard, translucent, formal construction commonly used) so that the line tube no connector, this thread without card line. If you must have a connector in the Middle, nor to use the size of the head, and you want to dock orientation.　　Then there is the line pipe during construction, do not worry for threading, but first into the lead wire, wait until the last installed electrical on again when the corresponding wires. The last highlight is strong or weak electricity to isolate wiring. Power cord is strong electric, the greater the load, the resulting electromagnetic interference is stronger, so the power cord should be and weak current, low-voltage wires separate walk as much as possible. 5. home cabling problems with any of the products into families, household premises distribution management system into the family will also have a process to look at this stage from the mainly has following several aspects: 1. the lack of relevant standards. Household integrated distribution management system is a new concept, because of the lack of relevant criteria, the manufacturer is doing to their own understanding of the comprehensive wiring product production, the result is different, thus resulting in a part of the crowd on such products of deviation and household premises distribution management system is a consumer product directly, so the product quality is vital, the lack of standards makes some technical force weak production plant to manufacture, to the consumer withTo loss, 2. some owners include some real estate developers and decoration companies on product does not understand. These people are building or renovation is still made according to traditional concepts, only to focus on appearance of design for home networking-housing in the "nervous system" without reasonable planning, just hastily arranged, foreseeable in the near future will inevitably result in inconvenience and problems are found, but will be unable to compensate for the situation.　　This is because home cabling management system itself is a new concept, the need for further extension of time, the second is home to adopt comprehensive wiring more than traditional wiring will invest some of the people has not yet been fully understood before it has caused a number of difficulties on spreading, so this needs coherent units more publicity, let the user aware of the cabling in the home life of importance, not only for the present, and future. 3. lack of a formal training, experienced construction team. Owners in the decoration, the weak electricity cabling is often the water by the renovation and decoration companies in electrical engineering, almost no specialized electronic engineer, construction quality, therefore, it is difficult to be guaranteed.　　So like decoration companies in such related units should master the family GCs of relevant knowledge and technology of qualified construction team for home cabling promotion is also very favourable. 4. family GCs matching such as broadband access, network, integrated services, VOD and other online services also relative lag that makes some families don't realize the necessity of comprehensive wiring and urgency.

【 Weak current College 】 what is a qualified comprehensive wiring system

A data is provided by the provincial Council: 65 percent of consumers do not know what is a qualified distribution system. But today, more and more electrical appliances, increasing the load, and many other people's wiring system is not able to adapt to life in the information age requires that, at this point, is the various implications of the incubation period, if you haven't considered the wiring problems, so now is the time to consider this issue.

Wiring grounds

Wiring is like marriage,

To as "children" born ready

Wiring is home network a key link in the construction, the use of the home network. While routing features once complete, it is hard to be modified, so that the user at design time, you should take some time to come. AMS (Ann Cummings) products are all go bus (BUS).

Because of the product, technical, cost and other reasons, a step into the intelligence is still too early, but with smart home products continues to mature, universal will be soon. It is imperative that we how to prepare for this target, which is fully into account the current and future needs in the decoration of perfection to advance science and cabling, to avoid for a period of time after the wall rework or line Lomond Department destroyed original decoration.

It is understood that the home company does not yet have the scientific domestic routing capability, even the decoration and renovation to the customer is required after the basic wiring as-built drawings of construction drawings and are unable to provide. So now the family through the means to achieve scientific wiring?

According to Neptune smart home division of Royal Engineers, weekdays for a variety of different sized design and installation of the intelligent wiring systems. In his design of a home renovation project has just begun, the wall paintings at diverse panel export location, rough calculation, three bedroom 100 square meters room, the light power socket on the Panel of more than 20, even the toilets and kitchen are fitted with a telephone and computer outlet. Mr Wang said that now many line shop is prepared for the future, could now not but later must be used, like a future network of information appliances into the family, the House needs to have a large number of network interfaces, or buying back of intelligent home appliances.

Special reminder

Electric Tiger, despise not

Finally need to be reminded that under the load of the actual situation and the possible purchase of equipment loads, select the power cable, be sure to select the standard line, so as to avoid overload and short circuit caused by online, or destroy the device; the choice of electric components, must not shoddy, finally, a home, the first place.

Circuit modification relates to the space orientation, grooving, ahead of time. Strictly forbidden to lead direct buried plastering layer, the wire is a line pipe joints, while the use of line pipe (PVC retardant pipes) strict examination, to conform to national standards, the pipeline laying follow the "safe, convenient, economical, objective" principle. At the same time, special electrical circuit, such as: air conditioning, bathroom, the shower as a whole, it is recommended that the user at the time of purchase, the first post has a protective device, and then configure the appropriate leakage current protective switch to ensure that the user's property. Project completion, to detect leakage switches, gives a complete circuit diagram for future maintenance. In short, electric Tiger this stuff, keep it at home, it may not be a snub

【 Weak current College 】 object-oriented design in building control system

Summary describes object-oriented programming to improve reliability, more flexibility and reduce the cost of preparation, and introduces a complete object-oriented design also includes a form control system communication protocols based on object-oriented. BACnet protocol will each control subunits into object form, which simplifies the communication between the device and operation.

A keyword object-oriented design, control systems, BACnet, Protocol

Abstractlllutrateshowobject-orientedprogrammingimprovesreliability,providesgreaterflexibilityandreducesprogrammingcosts,andfurtherpresentsthatanobject-orientedprotocolasabaseofcommunicationmakesawholeobject-orienteddesign.BACnetchangescontrolunitstoacontrolunitstoacollectionofobjects,whichfacilitatesthecommunicationandoperationofthedevices.

Keywordsobject-orienteddesign，controlsystem，BACnet，protocol

1 Introduction
　　
Since the 1980s, object-oriented approach has been widely used in computers and related areas, it is not only applied to the programming phase, but also applied in system design and system analysis. Object-oriented design for use in the control system reduces the cost of the control system, improved the system's ease of use, increased system serviceability, thus becoming the development direction of the control system. Control systems of object-oriented design is mainly divided into two parts:
① object-oriented programming
Traditional procedural programming language (such as BASIC, and C) as does not have the characteristics of the object, the preparation of the program have to line-by-line, so that only professionals can easily apply these tools [1]. But even if these professionals also inevitable in the programming process produces an error, but this control system can be disastrous. Because of the control system of control of the actual device, any omissions may cause the equipment appears the breakdown or even scrap to owners of huge losses.
Object-oriented programming enables programming of simplistic and visualization, which greatly reduce the workload of the programmer. At the same time members of the object and the function are managed by professionals who have repeated testing and inspection, the possibility of error is therefore significantly diminished. Relative to conventional programming language, lack of programming background in construction equipment engineers can skilled use of "object" to finish his task of control required, without the help of software professionals.
② object-oriented protocol
Protocol is to control the system each other communicate, object-oriented design must be determined by the object-oriented protocol to perfection. Traditional distributed control systems (DCS) mainly consists of analog input (AI), analogue outputs (AO), digital input (DI) and digital output (DO) control system of individual channels, they are independent of each other. DCS in this structure makes it easy for project personnel according to the characteristics of the project to any combination of control system consists of, but the channel between independent data caused by a large number of redundant data and information of blindness that data interpretation become very complex and very difficult to find useful information. Object-oriented data underlying protocol will explain, classification, and judging by the early designers is complete, the useless data into useful information, which greatly facilitates the application of engineering personnel.
Object-oriented techniques to control the system in real applications, you must complete these two levels of the object. The lack of any of these, the entire object-oriented systems are incomplete.
　　
2 object-oriented programming
　　
2.1 control language for object
With object-oriented programming language c++, object-oriented programming is widely known as cognitive. But for various reasons, the control system of programming languages are mostly produced by non-line by line object-oriented languages, object-oriented language is also less application. We all know, object-oriented technology is built on the "objects" and "class" basis, so they should have an accurate definition. The object is defined as "the problem domain or its implementation, something abstract, it reflects the system to save the information and (or) to interact with it. It is the number of properties and their dedicated service in a package body "[2]. While the class is defined as "one or more of the object's description, use a set of properties and services forms to describe" [1]. For control systems of object-oriented language, "object" should have the following characteristics:
① independence
An object is independent of the module, the object dependencies between each other. The system can consist of separate objects, regardless of mutual interference.
② connectivity
An isolated object can only be completed very little part of the function, only the object organically to play its role. Object-oriented system excitation by message object interaction, interrelated and form a close-knit overall.
③ easy maintenance
An object's internal functions and external environment does not have any inherent link on an object maintenance, release does not affect other objects and functionality of the outside world.
In the object's independence, control language should be separate objects internal operational variables and the actual action variables. For example, collecting and distributingControl system (DCS) direct manipulation device is 4 ~ 20mA/0-10V analog output or digital output, and fieldbus control system (FCS) direct manipulation of the valves, motors, and other intelligent controllers. Control language variables to direct is AO, DO or specific valves, motors, etc., although that seems more intuitive, but it lose the versatility and object encapsulation features. When the system control program to have the same characteristics of another system, the user will need to put the program in each of the variables changes to adapt to the new system, this is not only time-consuming and prone to error. Therefore you need to program operation and the actual action variables, so that the object of independence and operability of the system.
Control system of the scene control module typically program capacity and computing speed is much lower than the corresponding properties of the computer, so the hardware constraints make control language minimize class application of complex processes. At the same time the member functions in a class should also be minimized, constructors and destructors are completed by an assignment expression. In short, control language class consists of two parts:
Variable declaration table; ② perform calculations on the variable and method of operation.
Control in the language of the class is defined as:
Class name:
Class variable declaration table:
Variable type variables 1
…
Variant type variable, n
Class code:
Method 1
…
Method m
The end of the class description

2.2 messages sent and received
An object-oriented program consists of several interrelated set of objects, and objects of completion of all functions. Contact between the objects is the message and incentive mechanisms, the message is used to request object executes a process or answer some of the information request "[3]. In object-oriented system, the links between objects is through the delivery of messages, objects only after receiving the message to respond. And to respond to the object member function that is called "methods", method is to implement specific functionality of the message.
The message has the following properties:
① the same object can receive different forms of more than one message, produce different responses.
② a message can be sent to different objects, messages explain fully completed by the receiving object.
③ object on message response is not required. Objects can either respond to the message, or you can return no answer.
According to the table, control the language will include equipment, clock and data exchange system events to be able to respond to these events. Equipment event is the control system of the actual device's status changes, and other device information, control system informs the appropriate action on the object. Clock event is used to satisfy the system requirements of the time control, the timer clock time conditions have sent to the object under the condition of "time expired" message object based on this information for a fixed time steps or absolute time operation.
Because the control procedures to take account of all the devices in the system, so the program does not exist in an infinite loop waiting for an external variable changes. If the system halted "phenomenon. When an object to another object for sending data when it creates a data exchange messages to motivate the object, the object is excited to be sent accordingly to receive data. Data exchange of messages at the same time the incentive mechanism can be used for internal objects under certain conditions to trigger their own.

In the control system event is not law, at a time may appear more than one message at the same time. And what message should first be addressed, which last processing requires a control system to manage. Message management usually uses the queue means that is generated by message to queue time series, first come first to handle later post processing. If the message is the same as the time it happens, the message class or device, time, data communication in order to arrange. Device message corresponding to the actual on-site equipment, the message generated description field equipment has changed, the control system should be the first to respond.
An object may be on more than one trigger message response, each message will have to be a member function on its response, this member function is called "methods". System events are mapped to objects used by the tool is called the message table. Object-oriented language for easy control of the message map and the corresponding methods in accordance with the uniform format to write. In the message table in a predefined system events are mapped to methods, when the message triggers the object corresponding to this message after finding the method name, and perform the appropriate method.
Control language in a complete object should include object name, message tables, the object variable declaration and data exchange table and the entity object. Object variable declaration and data exchange tables within the system and the variable declarations and external device data exchange. When the message is triggered when the object is a table of system equipment status and data are mapped to corresponding variables. The overall structure as objects:
Object name:
Message table:
Method name 1 (trigger condition 1)
…
Method name k (trigger condition k)
Object variable declaration and data exchange table:
Variable type variables 1 = system equipment 1
…
Variant type variable, n = system device n
Object entities:
Method name 1
Method source code 1
Method name 2:
Method of the source code
…
End

In order to simply describe objects in a building control system of practical application, to the most commonly used PID algorithm, for example to constitute a PID object. Figure 1 shows the PID algorithm for regulating the actuator v make the managed object's temperature t daTo temperature setpoint tset. For this adjustment algorithm, a simple object can be summarized.
Discrete PID algorithm is cyclical operation, so it's triggered messages to the time period. PID algorithm and the outside world exist 3 data exchange, which is the temperature setting values, temperature measurement and actuator. Complete a PID objects only need to set time period, at the same time will be mapped to the data object's internal variables correspond with the actual device. This is a very simple process, an expert in PID algorithm can expertly action PID algorithm. Simple PID algorithm is only one example, but the practical application of the object in a complex algorithm. Typically engineers need to spend much time to understand complex algorithms, such as adaptive algorithms, etc. The algorithm of eliminates these problems, saving staff time and effort.
Because the objects on different messages to different responses, so you can add the PID object on failure processing to enrich the PID algorithm. The following example on temperature overrun of signal processing. When the temperature gauge, object directly to fault handling procedures, no PID calculation. Users also can increase other methods to handle different situations, thereby greatly improving the flexibility of the object.
PID algorithm:
Message table:
PID calculation (interval time 10s)
Troubleshooting (temperature overrun alarm signal)
Object variable declaration and data exchange table:
Tset = temperature setpoint
T = temperature measurement
V = actuator
The entity object
PID calculation
PID calculation source code
Troubleshooting:
Troubleshooting source code
End

3 object-oriented protocol

In the control system only belong to the management of object-oriented programming language is not enough, including on-site layer of object-oriented communication protocol will constitute a complete object-oriented control system. Object-oriented design of the original is the programming process greatly simplified, and traditional object-oriented point of control systems would only increase the burden on the programmer. For example a DO AI and two pairs of control valve, the valve to open degree AI measurement, two DO are valve motor reverse, in control valve when AI measurement value is less than the value being set for the valve to DO output signal up valve, on the other hand down valve. These simple functions in traditional object-oriented point of control systems require the programmer to write, increased system design costs and commissioning costs.
Object-oriented BACnet protocol is used for all devices in the help system of mutual understanding of the "common language". For unified building control agreements, ASHRAE has published 1995, BACnet protocol [4]. BACnet protocol defines include air-conditioning control system, fire protection, building equipment control system communication protocols between the data. It follows the OSI open network protocols, the data to be combined into objects in network transmission. At the same time as the building control network is a network, it only preserves the physical layer and data link layer, network layer and application layer.
BACnet protocol does not specifically provide for the physical layer and data link layers of the form, it could be based on a number of different protocols. Shown in Figure 2, paragraphs 1, 2 option is to establish standards in IEEE802 LAN, it will be the data link layer is subdivided into logical link control sublayer (LLC) and media access control sublayer (MAC), logical link control sublayer primarily addressing, sorting, error control, and other functions, the media access control sublayer provide transmission media and access control capabilities. Figure ISO8802-2 (IEEE802.2) is the logical link control sublayer, ISO8802-3 (IEEE802.3) is the media access control sublayer, specific methods for conflict detection of carrier sense multiple access (CSMA/CD). The third option in the data link layer is the primary way from/token, physical layer the slave's standard, RS-485 RS-485 standard allows up to 32 drives in parallel, and 32 single receiver, multiple points of interconnection is very convenient. 4 alternative is point-to-point protocol, corresponding physical layer standards for RS-232. 5 alternative is LonTalk Protocol of Echelon Corporation. BACnet network layer is to connect different network, no matter what is the physical layer and data link layers. For example the establishment of a BACnet router to IEEE802.3 and ARCNET consists of different network organizations.
BACnet is not the physical layer and data link layers of specific agreements in the hope that BACnet can be applied in a variety of network infrastructure. The true essence of the BACnet protocol is the application-tier defines open device object, and thus become the object-oriented. BACnet almost covers building control all possible scenarios, it defines the device object, schedule object, the program object, file objects, and so on, and provides the management and operation of the service object.
BACnet currently defines 18 kinds of objects, which are the analog input, analog output, analog and digital input, digital output, digital value, equipment, multi-state input, multiple-output, orders, schedules, timeline, event registration, file, rings, groups, notification class and program objects. BACnet is the object defines a specific data structure and properties, the property on behalf of the information in the device, the system may through property on the device for reading or writing information. In this 18 object, input and output objects of 6, they represent all possible input and output types. Multi-state input output object 2, which indicates that the object is located in the BACnet device operations program results and physical output. 1 the command object to a group object attributes wroteIn a set of values. Schedule object 2, which is used to represent a cyclical time or calendar. Event registration object 1, it records the management event the requested information. The file object to manage access to files and read-write. Group object is similar to the device is defined as a group, make the operation more convenient. Central object for feedback control object. The notification class object including event notification required information. Program objects will run the program as an object.


Table 1 to digital input as it shows how to define objects BACnet.
Table for digital input properties of the object. Object ID is a number representing the object, the object name and object type as the name suggests is the object name and type of the object. The device type is a description string of the device, and device status and events on behalf of the device status is normal or not. Service status property represents the actual input value and measurement values in the object are the same. When it is true the actual input value and measurement values, the user can freely change regardless of the actual input value for the debugger has brought about tremendous convenience. Polarity property represents the object's polarity, when polarity is positive when the object of the measured value and the actual input value are the same, both when polarity is negative. For example the actual input value is "ON", when negative polarity of the object value is "OFF". "Open", "off" State description describes the object off or off State for explanation, for example "off" State description can be written as "Fan 1 off". The most recent State transformation time attribute is the digital signal from the counter was reset the number of State and State transformation transforms counter reset time attribute that records the time of the last reset. "Open" status reset time and experience the time attributes are documented reduction of time and was reset "on" State time (s) combined. The remaining properties describe the operation of the alarm information, here is a detail.


BACnet protocol enables object-oriented programming becomes more simple and secure. Users only need to program simply calls the object's properties, you can get a lot of features that enable control programs became short and thus applies to the control system. At the same time, users can focus on a control algorithm to prepare, compile the program from the original heavy complex work turned into a fun process, saves programming time and cost of personnel.
　　
4 conclusions
　　
Because the object-oriented design advantages, now there is a wide range of control systems support the concept of object-oriented. Compared with traditional object-oriented point of control systems, object-oriented control system more economical programming and debugging costs, reducing the error rate, the program improves system reliability, increased system flexibility. Therefore the object-oriented control system will replace the control system for points, as the development direction of the control system.
Reference documents
1JonathanCFrench.Object-orientedprogrammingofHVACcontroldevices.ASHRAEJ,1999(12).
2Pertercord,EdwardYourdon.Object-orienteddesign.YourdonPress,1991.
3 Tang Yong, structured and object-oriented software method, Beijing: Science Press, 1998
4ASHRAEStandard,ANSI/ASHRAE135-1995.BACnet,aDataCommunicationProtocolforBuildingAutomationandControlNetworks.
5-Xiao Shi, Liu xiande, Shiyan, BACnet's object model, engineering design and CAD and intelligent building, 200 (1)
6-Xiao Shi, Liu xiande, Shiyan, BACnet services--the BACnet protocol standards technology system seminar (6). Engineering design and CAD and intelligent building, 2002 (2)
7 Yang Shou to building automation system of three-tier architecture, engineering, CAD and intelligent building, 2000 (3)

【 Weak current College 】 twisted pair transmitter selection of installation and maintenance guide

Q: twisted pair transmission product variety, how to choose?
A: 1. Distance is 250 meters, environmental interference not big occasions, you can select the passive transceiver;
2. the distance of 800 meters, environmental interference not big occasions, you can select active passive transmitter and receiver
For match.
3. the distance of 800 meters, environmental interference in larger venues, you can select active transmitter and active receive
For match. Transfer effect is good, strong anti-interference ability. And a network cable can guarantee signal transmission
Multi-channel signal.
4. If the transmission distance can not be determined, it is proposed to adopt transmission 1200 meters or 1500 m twisted pair transmission equipment.
Q: in the same root twisted pair transmission multi-channel signal at the same time, some good and some is not working properly, and the device and cable without problems?
A: each way signal must use a pair of stranded with twisted pairs, feel free to use, and receive ends paired to link the mark must be one-to-one, a way of being an end-to-end, the negative side is on the negative side. Q: the video signal directly to the monitor to normal, but received a processor or DVR, signal anomalies, or ghosting or ripple noise?
A: signal during the transfer process has a strong source of interference, you should add Steel Shield; signal transmission distance too far; use a shielded twisted pair, should be replaced by a non-shielded twisted-pair Super five class (because STP will shorten the transmission distance); use the bridged connection methods (twisted-pair video transmission device only supports point-to-point connections, the construction of wiring, don't have the extra thread); the cable quality too badly, it is best to use five or five or more cables; or contact us for replacement of greater distance twisted pair transmission equipment. Q: the video display ripple or sound with noise and sounds, or intermittent, or no signal?
A: check the signal grounding on both ends and should be good, signal lines should be good, input power should be correct; the ends of the connection cable must receive one-to-one, a way of being an end-to-end, the negative side is on the negative side, both ends of the twisted pair transceiver should be good link. Q: image pitting or image, the image object appears clear bright side and white streaks in?
For: twisted pair transmission device dial switch should be set according to the actual distance (distance and receive both to set); the cable quality too badly, you should use five or more than five types of unshielded twisted pair cable (UTP); twisted pair connection is not plugged in. Q: data error rate significantly higher?
A: the baud rate is too high or distance obviously remote or too poor quality using cable, choose a source and belt photoelectricity isolation of data converter or a Repeater or choose code distributor or RS485 splitter. Q: equipment in use, it is easy to be struck by lightning?
A: device internal lightning protection measures have been taken, you should take to protect and preserve the access equipment, grounding resistance to less than 1 ohm; device shell do not and protected land and external metal contact (outdoor use).