【 Weak current College 】 property management professional skills training (6)

4. housing building and construction drawings

(A) learning requirements

Understand the general structure of buildings and the architectural drawing national standards and provides descriptive, master to read construction drawings of most basic methods and skills, see construction drawings to solve the housing maintenance issues.

(2) learning focus

1. classification of buildings
The building is directly available for use in buildings, to production, domestic services, such as residential, teaching building, etc. Structure is not directly intended for the use of the building, indirectly, to one service, such as towers, chimneys, etc. According to the different classification criteria to classify the building.
(L) used by functional classification of buildings
Divided into residential buildings, public buildings, industrial buildings, agricultural buildings.
(2) the number of levels by building classified
Divided into low layer architecture (1-3), multi-tiered architecture (4-6 layers), skyscraper (7-9 layers), skyscraper (10% of domestic and total height exceeding 24 m of public buildings and buildings, not including the height more than 24 m-storey main building).
(3) the use by major load-bearing structure of the material classification
Divided into brick, masonry, reinforced concrete structures, steel structures.
(4) press the load-bearing structure of the way in
Divided into bearing structures, frames, shear wall, business structure, spatial structure of large span.
2. housing building composition
General civil buildings is determined by the Foundation, walls, floor, floors, stairs, roofs, doors and Windows and other six blocks.
(1) Foundation
The Foundation is part of the building, which directly withstand all loads of the building, and pass it to the Foundation. Foundation is the Foundation for the following tolerance that part of the soil, all load bearing structures, including the basis of weight.
① Base depth
Refers to the design surface outside the underside of the distance to the base. Basis of buried directly affect the cost of project. In General, based on the depth should be not less than 500 mm.
③ based classification
1) constitute the basis of material is divided into brick Foundation, lime soil Foundation, concrete foundation. The foundation stone Foundation, concrete and reinforced concrete foundation.
2) press force characteristics into rigid Foundation (such as brick Foundation, lime soil Foundation, concrete foundation, rubble, concrete Foundation) and flexible basis (such as reinforced concrete Foundation).
3) based structure is divided into Bar Foundation (used for multi-story buildings), an independent basis (for industrial plants or civil architecture framework), the whole basis (for upper load larger buildings), pile Foundation (for super high-rise or building or matrix of project).
(2) wall
The role of the wall is load-bearing, retaining and delimited space.
① wall of classification
1) according to the wall of force is divided into the load-bearing walls (directly bear the load of the wall in the upper part there) and non-load-bearing walls (not subjected to external loads of wall).
2) according to the wall of the building is divided into solid wall, empty walls and composite wall
② Wall detail structures
L) reinforced concrete beam: door and window openings over the lintel beams Pg, its height is 60 mm, width of multiples should normally conform with brick wall thickness, end into the side walls of not less than 240 mm.
2) reinforced concrete beam: part along the housing exterior walls and interior walls of continuous and closed beam, its main role is to enhance the overall rigidity of the House. General height not less than 120 mm.
3) level of moisture-proof coating the walls: blocking of groundwater, keep dry wall. Moisture-resistant floors and is located in the wall and ground conditions. Wall moisture-proof layer generally felt moisture-proof, waterproof mortar moisture-proof, moisture-proof coating of fine aggregate concrete with different categories.
4) structural column: is set in the brick wall of reinforced concrete cast column, is a major earthquake.
5) deformation joint: is some parts of the buildings along the vertical fracture, divided into several independent units of joints, it is less housing should be natural conditions. Deformation of joints including the expansion joints, settlement joint and shock-proof joint.
(3) floor
Floor layer put the entire building is divided into several layers, and withstand the loads to the wall or column. Reinforced concrete floor is the most widely floor type. According to the construction methods can be divided into cast-in-place reinforced concrete slab, prefabricated reinforced concrete slab and prefabricated reinforced concrete slab.
Ground including the underlying surface and the floor surface, the surface and base composition, surface layer is active in direct contact with the part, the grass-roots are ground bearing layer, including bedding, structural layer, screed and insulation
(4) stairs
The floor of vertical transport in emergency evacuation for people.
(5) roof
Is the top of the bearing housing and support section. To sum up the roof of the type can be grouped into the sloping roof, flat roofs and roof surfaces. Flat roof drainage is key.
① flat roof drainage
Flat roof drainage is divided into unorganised drainage and sewerage.
No rainwater drainage is organized along the eaves direct free fall generally applies to rainfall area or lower and secondary buildings.
Organized precipitation drainage is organized through the pipeline into the ground or water systems. Can be divided into external drainage and sewerage.
② flat roof of flexible waterproof roof
Refers to the waterproofing membrane and asphalt binder material composition, aging, usually 10-15 years to repair.
③ flat roof of rigid waterproof roof
Is waterproof mortar plastering or dense concrete pouring into the surface of the roof construction, easy in the cracks and leaks after, generally use set floating layer or the warehouse at jointsReason.
(6) doors and Windows
The door is to facilitate people Foundation room and handling of furniture, equipment and building parts, both have natural lighting and ventilation. The window's main role is the lighting and ventilation.
3, building construction drawings
(L) orthography and profiles
If the projection direction perpendicular to the projection surface, so the graphics made for front projection. Construction engineering figure is based on the principle of orthography is drawn.
Imagine a cross-sectional slice in the object's internal structure more complex parts of the cut, part of the removal of the object, draw the rest of orthography, is profiles. Profiles can be divided into the whole section, half elevation, ladder diagram, local profiles and layered profiles.
(2) the national standards and requirements for architectural drawing method
① positioning axes, elevation, index symbol
1) positioning axes
In building construction diagrams where the load-bearing walls, columns, beams and roof of the main load bearing members of location shall be taken by a thin dashed, draw, and numbers, this is positioning axes.
2) elevation
The total construction plan, Pinto, elevations, sections, often expressed with elevation symbols to the height of a site. Elevation symbols to draw a fine line.
3) index and detail symbols
② building unified modular system
In the architectural modulus coordinated standards ", establishes the principle of modular and modular coordination.
Basic module
Basic module is the module selection in the coordination of basic size unit, the basic modules for IM = 100mm
Module series
Is in the selected module base-based numerical system mounted, divided into expanding the modulus modulus series and series.
Modular coordination in several dimensions
In order to ensure the building products, components, and other relevant dimensions of harmonization, in building modular coordination in several dimensions: the logo dimensions, structure size and the actual size.
(3) construction diagram popular legend
4. construction drawing
(L) the construction drawings of content
A complete construction plans, in addition to drawings and design specification, you should include the following professional drawings:
① building construction drawing
② structure construction drawing
③ equipments construction drawing
④ electrical construction drawing
(2) to read construction drawings
Basic method: start small, roughly after seeing examine after first rent. On the project's specific location, surroundings, elevation and toward the first one to the broad outlines, and from the perspective of architectural plan Wai, is responsible for various professional and technical personnel, should according to different requirements. Focus on in-depth look at the different types of drawing, reading, paying special attention to the various links between drawings to avoid various professional technical contradictions between.