【 Weak current College 】 engineering cost essence article 368 (3)

161, dynamic investment estimation: the main part of the consideration of price changes and the construction period of interest, as well as the impact of exchange rates, the calculation is based on the base year (instead of years) static investment (It — by funds derived from the table using the scheme) of funds use the plan as a basis for:
162, construction period interest so that means the project loans in the construction period and included in the fixed asset investment of interest, annual interest-bearing loan, above annual borrowing as the annual interest (current year loans = fixed assets investment this year — this year's own funds)
163, liquidity of estimation methods: estimation of sub-item more and expanded index estimation; liquidity = current assets (mainly consider cash [year wage benefits due, years other fees], receivables [annual sales income--accounts receivable turnover for the year should credit sales revenue], inventory [purchases of raw materials, fuels, in the product (year purchased raw materials, fuels + year wage benefits + year repairs + years other manufacturing costs), finished (annual operating costs)]-current liabilities (main consideration payable [year purchased raw materials, fuels]) for example: a company's annual sales of $ 3 million, the total income on credit of 40%, accounts receivable, turnaround times for 60 times, the estimation of the amount receivable is 300 * 40%/60 = $
164, operating cost = total cost depreciation expense------amortization charges---dimensional Jane Fischer---interest (for fixed assets, loans and liquidity borrowings of interest)
165, sales tax, consumption tax + tax + = resource tax + urban maintenance and construction tax and education expenses surtax +
166, sales profit = sale---total production costs--sales tax and extra (loan repayment of principal sources), enterprise sales profits in addition to the payment of income tax (33%), also from profits up for previous losses and extracting surplus reserve, chest before as debt repayment sources production costs: (157-158)
167, press manufacturing costing calculation total cost costs {product manufacturing cost [direct cost---directly included in the cost (direct materials, direct labour and welfare, other direct expenditure), the manufacturing cost-sharing of the cost (indirect costs)], during costs--not included in the cost (management fees, finance charges, sales fees)}
168, based on factors of production as a basis for calculation of total cost {variable costs [purchases of raw materials, purchased fuel power, piecework and benefits due], fixed cost [hourly and welfare costs, repair costs, other costs, depreciation costs, Jane, their consumption, interest expenditures]}
169, sales tax and extra items of the collection is based on the sales revenue, excluding VAT, the construction phase of the investment should include VAT, operating cash flow for the period regardless of the VAT system
170, loan repayment sources to include can be used to return the loans of profits and depreciation of fixed assets and intangible assets deferred assets and other repayment sources, investment in fixed assets and working capital loan interest, are included in the total cost of the financial costs, reimbursement of funds listed above

171, financial base data should include: production cost, sales revenue and tax and loan repayment calculation
172, financial evaluation methods: cash flow table-based fixed (static) polymorphism analysis, profitability to balance sheet-based financial ratio analysis, considering the project risk uncertainty analysis of the financial evaluation of content for solvency evaluation and risk assessment
173, profitability analysis of major reports include: all the investment cash flow statement, statement of cash flows of private capital, profit and solvency analysis report including: funding sources and application of funds, balance sheets uncertainty analysis (in information are insufficient to describe the factors used for probability changes of circumstances) including the break-even analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk analysis (known in variables) include probability analysis and qualitative analysis
174, all investment cash flow statement (used to calculate the financial internal rate of return, financial net present value, payback period): cash inflows (product sales revenue, residual value of fixed assets recovery, recycling and liquidity, other income), cash outflow (fixed asset investment----include fixed assets investment orientation regulation tax, does not contain a construction period of loan interest, liquidity, operational costs, sales tax and extra, income tax)
175, own funds, cash flow statement (used to calculate the financial internal rate of return, financial net present value): cash inflows (product sales revenue, residual value of fixed assets recovery, recycling and liquidity, other income), cash outflow (own funds, loan repayment, loan interest expenses, operating costs, sales tax and extra, income tax)
176, total profit = operating profit (the main operating profit + other operating profit (main business income-business costs-selling expenses-sales tax and extra-fee--financial charges) + investment net income + net non-operating income
177, statutory surplus reserve in accordance with the profit after tax deductions to compensate for loss of the amount of 10% extract, surplus reserve reaches 50% of the fixed assets no longer extracted
178, profit: sales-sales tax and extra-total cost------total profit--income tax---after-tax profits---cover losses--statutory surplus reserve---chest---cope with profit--unappropriated profits--cumulative earnings
179, funding sources and exertion of table: funding source table includes profit, depreciation, amortization, long-term borrowings and short-term borrowings, their own funds and other funds, residual value of fixed assets recovery, recycling and liquidity; funds tables include the fixed asset investment, construction loan interest, cash investments, income tax, profits and long-term loan repayment of debt and short-term borrowings, other short-term borrowings debt, etc.
180, balance sheet (for solvency analysis): assets = liabilities + equity assets include current assets, inBuilding engineering, net fixed assets, intangible assets and deferred assets liabilities include: current liabilities, long-term liabilities, owners equity including: capital and capital reserve, cumulative surplus reserve and cumulative earnings

181, Forex account: Exchange source = Exchange application
182, financial evaluation index system mainly includes: profitability and solvency evaluation considering time into static evaluation indicators and dynamic evaluation indicators (dynamic financial net present value, payback period, and the financial internal rate of return) according to the nature of the indicators are divided into: timing indicators, values of a table, the ratio of indicators-------reflect the profitability ratio of index have FIRR and ROI (including investment profitability, investment, taxes, capital profit)-----reflect solvency ratio of indicators with asset-liability ratio, current ratio, quick ratio;
183, static payback period refers to the project's annual net income (= after-tax profits + depreciation) recycling projects all investment (fixed assets + current assets) time
184, static payback period (survey project financial investment recovery capacity of important indicators) is less than or equal to benchmarks for reimbursement (dynamic investment payback period is less than or equal to the life-time), the project feasible;
185, investment profit rate = total profit/total investment return on investment rate = (total profit + sales tax and extra)/total capital investment profit rate = after-tax profits/capital asset-liability ratio = total liabilities/total assets liquidity ratio (reflect the repayment of short-term debt, generally 2:! good) = total current assets/current liabilities total quick ratio (reflect the repayment of short-term debt is usually good for 1:!) = the total flow of liquid assets/liabilities = (current assets-stock)/total current liabilities such as a set of financial data, current ratio for 3, current liabilities of $ 160 million of stock, the quick ratio = (2.25) solution for mobile assets = 160 * 3 = 480 quick ratio = (480-120)/160 = 2.25
186, project uncertainty analysis of indicators are: break-even yield, uncertainty factors critical value, profit and loss balance capacity utilization, sensitivity
187, design programs: design preparation, the preliminary programme (for a less complex project, you can omit), preliminary design (critical phase, the design concept formation stage), technical design (focus, various technical programmes of the final phase, in addition to reflect the intent of the initial design, but also the construction of convenience and easy), construction drawing design (meet the choice of equipment and materials and determine, non-standard equipment design and fabrication, budget preparation, construction and installation the construction requirements), design and construction gives the low-down
188, preliminary design for industrial projects include: General layout design, process design, architectural design
189, design phase of the impact project cost factors: total graphic design (of a total figure transportation design and General plane configurations — including what site plan, floor space and land use, transportation, and general layout of the main buildings and structures and public facilities of the configuration, the external transport, water, electricity, gas and other external collaboration conditions-impact project cost factors consists of floor space, functional zoning, transportation mode of choice), process design (engineering design of core), architecture (impact project cost factors have plane shape (K week = unit area occupied by the length of the exterior walls, lower design economy), circulation space (design target, circulation space reduced to a minimum), storey (multilayer construction cost increase bigger reason is because the building load-bearing part of the total cost, and single-tier architecture in depth section covers cost less, single plant height depends on the mode of transport in the workplace), building layers (industrial factory floors should be focused on the nature of production and production processes and requirements-----determine the economic powerhouse of multi-layer floor there are two main factors: plant expanded area and plant of the length and width), the column layout, building volume and area (residential structure area and the building area is the ratio of the area known as the structure, the coefficient coefficient smaller the economy), architectural structure (masonry, reinforced concrete structures, steel structures, wooden structure---consume a large amount of timber resources and adversely affect the ecological environment, use less))
190, in the design phase of the engineering cost analysis: ⑴ the cost structure is more reasonable, increase the efficient use of funds to improve the efficiency of investment controlling ⑵ ⑶ control work more proactive ⑷ facilitate technology combined with the economic effects of the most significant ⑸

191, design optimization should observe the following principles: the ⑴ economic reasonable and technologically advanced balanced construction to use ⑵, consider the life cycle costs of short-term and long-term ⑶ takes into account the requirements of
192, industrial total graphic design of the evaluation: building coefficient, land use efficiency, project quantity indicators, economic indicators
193, technology programme evaluation is mutually exclusive selection of investment projects, mainly by the net present value, the difference between the net annual value and internal rate of return;
194, architectural design of the evaluation: the cost per unit area, the building perimeter and area ratio, plant expansion area, building effective area and building area ratio (mainly used for evaluation of column-layout is reasonable), engineering, life cycle cost
195, civil construction generally include public buildings and houses two classes, community planning and design of core is to increase the utilization of the land
196, construction volume index = building volume/area is a measure of the level indicator
197, residential building NET density = residential building floor area/residential buildings in occupies an area measuring land economy and ensure the necessary health conditions of the residential area of the main technical and economic indicators
198, design evaluation method of comparing multiple main indicators (indicators for analyzing the exact, complete and current more one way) and multiple grading method (advantages: avoids multiple index contrast between conflict indicators, results only), design of programme evaluation, evaluation of static economy have payback method, calculation of cost method
199, balance reimbursement is not taken into account whenBetween the value of the investment programme of programmes than small investment savings in operating costs, the business volume is the same as △ Pt = (k2-k1)/(c1-c2) ¡÷ Pt ¡ü PC investment programme for the priority of traffic at △ Pt = (k2/Q2)-(k1/Q1)/(c1/Q1-c2/Q2)
200, balance reimbursement of reciprocal investment result is the difference between the coefficient, △ R = (c1-c2)/(k2-k1) ¡÷ R = RC investment programme for the priority of use AC = C + RC * kRC-investment efficiency coefficient

201, engineering design optimization: ⑴ through design bidding and design campaign optimization ⑵ using value engineering standardization design ⑷ ⑶ promotion is for the design implementation
202, value engineering work program: the ⑴ unsatisfied as optional ⑵ sets into value engineering realms 導 small sets to collect and study of ⑶ like-related information material ⑷ function system analysis-value engineering core ⑸ function evaluation programme innovation and assessment ⑹ ⑺ and approval by the competent authorities and inspection programme implementation ⑻
203, value engineering in the new project design by selected applications: design stages, value engineering steps typically feature analysis, function evaluation, program innovation, programme evaluation
204, value engineering in the design phase of the project cost control: object select common ABC method
205, optimization is usually carried out through the mathematical model, the investment quota decomposition is the design of effective approaches and methods
206, generally speaking, for some deterministic problems, such as investment, resource consumption, time and other relevant conditions known, can be linear, nonlinear, dynamic programming theory and methods for optimizing; for some non-deterministic behavior, you can use queuing theory, game theory, on problems with the design flow, often using network theory for optimization.
207, limit design, preliminary design of the main work of the selection of multiple scenarios; for construction drawing design to seize two standards: quality standards and cost criteria
208, construction cost index rose 4%, construction of four years, Oh-assigned design limit of 960 million, the actual design limit of $ 960/(1.04) 4 = 820. 61
209, on the impact of the construction cost of major design changes that you want to take is to settle accounts, after the change in approach; where the design of single-bit errors, missing items, expand the design size, increase the standard and cause static investment cost overruns, the corresponding deduction design fee, accumulated over homes approved budget (2% ~ 3%, 3% ~ 5%, 5% ~ 10%, 10% or more), to deduct the full design fee (3%, 5%, 10%, 20%)
210, limit design of perfection: ⑴ reasonably determined, correctly understand limits; ⑵ reasonable limits and to use

211, design, preparation of budget estimates should include static investment and dynamic investment in two parts, static investment as evaluation engineering design and construction budget is based; dynamic investment as a financing, supply and control of funds use limits, tender units produced by the base price is to be based on the design estimates for the cost
212, total budget tables reflect static investment and dynamic investment in two parts, static investment is by design of the budget period, prices, rates, interest rates, exchange rates, head of investment; dynamic investment means budget period to completion and acceptance of the changes due to price factors such as number of investment
213, design estimates can be divided into units engineering estimates, individual project estimates, construction project budget estimates ***; the total budget proposed by the individual project (construction project budget estimates, units of equipment and installation the project budget, project construction cost estimates for the other---not included in the total budget is prepared), project construction cost estimates, preparation of other charges, the construction period of loan interest, the investment direction of adjusted tax estimates and operating cash flow estimates
214, construction estimates methodology have estimates fixed method (also called expansion unit price method or expand the structure of the fixed method — requires the preliminary design reaches a certain depth, architectural structure is clear), budget indicators (when the preliminary design depth is not enough, does not accurately calculated quantities, a similar project budget indicators can use), a similar project budget (for the preliminary design of the proposed project and has finished the project or another project of similar design is not available when the use of budget targets, but you must spread on structure and makes adjustments); equipment and installation engineering estimates there are budget price methodology (preliminary design of deep, detailed equipment list), the expansion of the unit price method (preliminary design depth, equipment list incomplete), device percentage (preliminary design depth not only for the purpose of the device without the detailed specifications, weight---often used for price fluctuation of training products and General equipment) and combined tonnage index method (when the preliminary design of the equipment list provided by the specifications and weight, often used for equipment price fluctuations in the large non-standard equipment and the introduction of equipment installation)
215, budget indicators are direct costs index
216, individual project files typically include preparation of budget estimates and most comprehensive estimates mark two; industrial projects integrated budget tables consist of the construction and equipment installation engineering two most comprehensive civil engineering project consists of the construction project budget estimates table a
217, review the basis of the design estimates: legitimacy, timeliness, scope of application
218, review budget depth: compilation instructions, review budget depth (usually large and medium-sized projects should have a complete "***" estimates), review of the budget range
219, review of project estimates: ⑴ compilation methods, valuation basis and procedures for review provided ⑵ quantities are correct ⑶ review of material consumption and price ⑷ review building installation fee of bear in conformity with the relevant provisions of national or local ⑸ review construction fees ⑹ review project of the "three wastes" treatment ⑺ review technical and economic indicators of the economic effects on investment ⑻ review ⑼ review construction scale, standards, estimates-estimate more than 10 per cent of identified, escalated again
220, review of design estimates: comparative analysis method, query verification method,Federation of instance method

221, construction drawing budget unit project budget (construction project budget, the installation work to budget), individual project budget, project budget
222, unit price: unit project construction plan budget direct costs = σ (quantity * budget fixed price)
223, the unit price method (can only reflect the quota year price levels) construction budget: collection of information---familiar with drawings and fixed-amount-calculation works--applies a budget fixed price---prepare quantity analysis table---calculate other items should take costs and total cost---review — compiling instructions and cover
224, physical law (and the market economy methods) budget preparation of construction documents: data collection-familiar with drawings and fixed-amount-calculation works--to quote a fixed amount of budget---find out the breakdown of the labor, materials, mechanical consumption quantity---by local prices for artificial fee, material fee, mechanical---calculates the other should take costs and total cost---review — compiling instructions and cover
225, review construction drawings budget focus should be placed in engineering calculation, budget price form, equipment, materials-budget price determination correctly---fees standard compliance with existing regulations, etc.
226, review construction drawings budget: a comprehensive review of the method, standard budget review law, group computing review method, filter review method (summarized as quantities, cost and labor of the three basic table-unilaterally--applies to residential works or does not have a comprehensive review of the conditions of the project), focusing on comparative review of the sampling method, the method, use manual review law, comparative review process decomposition
227, letting management mainly refers to the forProject system and tender system on 1 October 1999---the People's Republic of China Contracts Act on January 1, 2000--the People's Republic of China Law of tender
228, relations between the public interest and public safety infrastructure projects including: new energy, transportation, communications, water, urban facilities, ecology, environment protection and other infrastructure projects
229, relations between the public interest and public safety of the public utilities projects including: water supply (electricity, gas, heat), and other municipal projects; science and technology education, culture, sports, tourism, health and social welfare projects; commodity housing (including housing), and other public utilities projects;
230, mandatory tender covering the subject and the limits of two parts; the main parts: large infrastructure, public utilities, etc. between public interest and public safety; in whole or in part the use of State-owned investment funds or State financing of the project; the use of international organizations or foreign government loans, aid funds projects; limit: construction estimating price in the individual contract of $ 2 million or more?

231, can not tender: the use of patents or know-how, the building has a special shape, authorized by the competent authorities of the approved projects; relates to national security, State secrets, rescue, utilization of funds put to work, use the peasant, e of special cases
232, the type of construction project bids: construction project General Contracting, exploration, design, construction, supervision, construction materials and equipment bidding
233, construction project bids up to one project can be broken down into units of engineering and special professional engineering respectively, are not allowed to share part of the project bidding;
234, section Division should consider the following factors: the tender project professional requirements, tender project management requirements and the impact of the project investment (direct effect is caused by management), project for the work of the cohesion
235, tender notice shall, in accordance with the relative concentration, limited competition, the audience distribution reasonable publication
236, specify the media to publish notice of the tender project, not for a fee (publication of the international tender notice), specify the media should be tender notice text within 7 days of publishing
237, prequalification program: publish prequalification notice, issued the prequalification documents (pre-qualification of content including the basic qualifications and audit professional prequalification review), the qualifications of potential bidders for review and validation (focusing on the professional qualifications of the preliminary examination), issued a notice of pre-trial qualified (too many applicants, select less than 7)
238, tender documents from tender units or his delegate, an advisory body to the preparation of a publication, the price of the tender documents is generally equal to the preparation and printing cost of the tender documents, the base price of the tender, tender agent, engineering cost consulting and supervision units, and other intermediary organizations
239, construction tender documentation should also be guided by the following provisions: the ⑴ quality standards must meet national requirements governing the construction of acceptance, the requirements to achieve excellent, calculate compensation; ⑵ requirements fixed duration shorter than the time limit of 20% (inclusive), calculate work measures; ⑶ requirements according to the contract duration completed delivery in advance, calculate the duration Prize in advance;
240, in chronological order: tender document modification or clarification should be in the tender documents as of at least 15 days before the date, survey the scene general arrangements in tender preparation prior to 1-2 days, tender preparation will be arranged in the tender documents issued 7 days held within 28 days, the number of bidders found items or is incorrect, should receive the tender document 7 days in writing to the tender offer, bid unit bid bond (no interest) shall be refunded as soon as possible, no more than 14 days after the expiry of

241, bidders can be a legal entity or other organization, not a natural person
242, bid, bid evaluation and standardization is very important in the tender procedure, the tender file must be the legal representative of the bidder personally signed and stamped body organization stamp and signed by the legal representative of the Indian
243, the tenderer to tender should have: a dedicated construction tender organization, there are similar projects of construction bidding experience, familiar with the project tender legal norms of engineering technology, budget and project management professionals
244, grade a tendering Agency: 3 years ≥ 30 million * 10 cumulative 8 billion people registered in ≥ 20 2 person method grade 10 years on behalf of tendering Agency: 3 years ≥10 million * 10 accumulated 3 million persons registered in ≥ 10 2 persons 7 years by generation
245, signed the tender of the Commonwealth should work together, and will jointly tender agreement together with the tender documents submitted to the tenderer, the Commonwealth Commonwealth successful, the Parties shall jointly signed a contract with the tenderer
246, base is tender as to the expectations of the construction project, the cost price (direct costs, indirect costs), profits, taxes etc, the General control in the approval of the general budget and the investment in a lump sum to limit
247, base price of program: to determine the base price of unit-based data collection-----join the low-down and crime scene investigation-the preparation of base-audit base price
248, current construction engineering construction tender base mainly uses the fixed pricing and quantities to produce
249, fixed price development base is a sub-project of the direct costs of quantity unit price (or quantity unit price method---is divided into units of the valuation method, the kind of method two), only artificial fee, material fee, mechanical charges
250, quantity unit price by the comprehensive content, can be divided into 3 types: quantity unit price, total fee price, integrated unit price method