【 Weak current College 】 beginners budget officers must read

1. Introduction; 2. Drawing basics; 3. projection of basic knowledge; 4. projection principle; 5. projection transformation; 6. Planar projection of architectural shape; 7. surface buildings form of projection; 8. expression of architectural shape; 9. axonometric projection; 10. construction construction drawings; 11. structure construction drawing; 12. shadow of orthography; 13. perspective projection; 14. expand projection; 15. water supply and drainage engineering; 16.AutoCAD drawing.

Second: the civil construction drawings "

Construction and installation the project budget and the work of the pipeline, based in addition you should be aware of and familiar with-proficient in building (housing) of structures, components and parts, mutual relations and role. Important lesson is to read, read.

Engineering construction drawings is professional strong a science in itself.

— What figure can be used as the basis for the budget?

— — Which figure you can calculate a constructed project?

— — From which the drawings on what materials can be calculated on the actual consumption?

— How the quantity of data to compute the value of it?

-Engineering cost basis for what?

1.1 building construction drawings and calculation of quantities

I. building a map

1. basic concepts

National provisions, a project should be: (1) planning and preliminary design phase; (2) after the expansion of the preliminary design review; (3) review of construction drawing design, also known as technical design.

2. construction drawing function: construction, technical justification; direct settlement, payment scheduling accounts pursuant to subsection; guidance, clearing works fine.

A complete construction plans should:

A, Home built in figure head: from 01-Shi, Shi shi 01-, water-, electric-Shi 01 01-(also in strong electric, electronic, newsletter 01-Shi), 01-Dentsu.

Standard drawing

Design Master instructions, including: engineering design basis (approbation, funding sources, geological prospecting information, etc.), the construction area, and cost. Design standard (building code, structural load levels, seismic requirements, requirements for heating, ventilation, lighting standards, fireproof grade, etc.). Construction requirements (technical and material) and total project ± 0.000 map absolute elevation of relative relationships, interior exterior wood, strength class.

Repair table

Door and window table

B, building construction drawing (hereinafter referred to as building Shi)

1, indicates that the internal layout of the building, the external shape, renovation, construction, construction requirements, including: vertical and horizontal wall decoration, doors, Windows, buildings and facilities (such as toilets, water room, etc.).

2, ping, ping, stand, split and structural detail (including wall section, staircases, doors and Windows, toilet, bathroom, corridor, balcony structure and detailed practices, dimensions).

3, the text description, figure note.

C, structure construction drawing (-Shi)

1, indicates that the load-bearing structure of the layout, Widget, type, size, size, construction practices.

2. structure of the description, the basis (including pile arrangement, depth) of the layer structure of the layout of the plane and all the widget's structural details (including columns, beams, plates, staircases, canopy, roof, etc.).

D, equipment construction (facilities)

1. water supply and drainage, heating, ventilation, electric lighting, distribution network layout, orientation and elevation.

2, layout, System axonometric, detailing requirements for installation, wiring.

Second, read construction drawing Essentials

1. grasp the projection principle and morphology of various expression method, read P153, 94 a preliminary design of the House.

2. be familiar with and to master the basic architectural drafting of national standards and the inspection method.

As a popular legend, symbol, style, size and proportions.

3. basic knowledge and understanding of the housing construction.

Read the construction drawing steps

Read construction drawings and pipeline project budget, there is no short cut, you must read the step by step system, cross reference, repeatedly, and avoid oversights.

1, first read the manual, Home figure (directory), see build Shi, Shi, facilities.

2. each figure, icons, text, and images.

3. Jian Shi, first built, after-Shi, facilities.

4. Jian Shi look flat, vertical, cross-sectional, after detail.

5,-Shi look Foundation, structure, layout of the floor plan, after watching widget detail.

6, facilities look flat, back at the system and installation details.

Reality of construction drawing design units lack of self examination, audit, type of work triage, Chief Engineer checks (especially the local Design Institute), a series of audit system, so the MultiFeed, axis does not match, constructed in unsuitable or does not comply with the material, in conformity with the description does not match, an illustration, not inconsistent with the Widget, detail, and so on. Get pre and final editing, special attention should be can't be lost-RI, the difference of a thousand miles!

3. explain the General Plan of building

Total size of Pinto, on marking are to M (m), reflecting the proposed housing, structures, flat shape, position, and orientation, outdoor venues, roads, greening, layout, topography, terrain, elevation, and the relationship between the original environment and adjacent territories, etc.

For positioning, construction survey, earthwork construction and draw water, electricity, toilet, heating, gas, telecommunications, cable television's general layout and construction plans.

IV. interpretation of the building floor plan

1. read the map name, know the shape, look toward; 2, read the name, to understand layout, combination; 3, according toAxis, fixed position, s Bay, depth; 4, acquire special said, reading the stairs; 5, read size, fixed-size, see height, count indicators; 6, legends, identification details, doors and Windows codename; 7, according to the index symbol shows the General layout and detail relationships.

5. interpretation of building elevations

1. from the map or axis numbering understanding towards elevation; 2, from elevation on the layer number, length and height, the number and location of doors and Windows, the sizes; 3, elevations, usually marked elevation of size, and structure the elevation will be different; 4, elevation mark the sections construct, decorative node detail index symbol.

VI. building profiles of reading

1, according to the map name, location, profile to see sensitive parts; 2, read the ground, floors, roof shape, structure; 3, according to elevation, size, height and size of the known; 4, according to index symbols, legend, read the node structure.

7. building detail

Detail is the expression of the relationship between structural and node details, parts of the structure and size, materials and practices.

Detail including: 1, 2, external stairs; profile; 3, balcony; 4, range of detail; 5, door and window detail.

8. structure construction drawing

Includes: 1, structural design; 2. structure of the layout plan; 3, all bearing components (base, columns, walls, slabs, beams) detail, profiles and sections, node detail drawing, local structures, and other details.

Structure construction drawing, "ties the application. Meet the built application, facility construction and, as the preparation of working drawings to count.

Features:

1. the level of moisture-proof layer along the profile represents the base surface.

2. along the floor surface of housing per level section signifies that the corresponding layers of floor structure of the plane, standard floor a map, structure variation in each layer.

3. along the roof load level profile indicates that the dimension structure layout.

4, using a single expression widget widget orthography, the widget details, and the appropriate section to draw details, materials list. There's also a template, be embedded parts diagram.

5. widget detail, scale, clear expression node details.

6, Widget, elevation, section round Gallery line more or thin solid line and reinforced in the configuration, you use coarse solid lines or dots of black Park.

Structure construction drawing reading key figure method

Look at the text description, from basic plans look, to the underlying structural details.

Read floor structure layout plan, roof structure layout plan.

Combined with elevation and section, the vertical system diagram.

Last reading widget detail pictures, see elevation, see section, look at the bar graph and bar tables

As a result of the calculation of Shi is the basis of quantity, preparation to the final accounts, so as not to leak in error, often have to read the times, the main points against each other, excerpt, understanding space shapes, Widget, check which parts of the body repeatedly number, material, can keep improving.

Industrial building construction drawing

Industrial building construction and civil engineering construction drawings in common: 1, illustrations, ping, Li, detailed cross-sectional,; 2, read the text in Figure method, first; 3, after the figure drawing content, build, Shi, is located; 4, preparation method, saying, master, master plan, build, Shi, set, set, section 5, drawing steps, from left to right, bottom-up.

Differences: 1, production process conditions; 2, use the feature; 3, practical requirements. The map represents a legend symbol, the specific content you have depending on the structure construction drawing on complex, plentiful.

Read × University structure laboratory drawings, basic understanding of industrial building construction and civil construction construction drawing of the main differences:

First, from the plane and the section can know this is a level different two-span workshop, depth high cross, low cross 5.6M 15M, D ~ E axial spacing of between set 410MM expansion joints to accommodate the high and low distortion across between.

The workshop is equipped with a cable car one sedan, van, capacity Q = 10t, gauge Lk = 13.5M, crane located at I-steel concrete pillar of Corbels. Workshop 5-6 axes, B ~ C axis fenestration 3M, two fan out 3.6M opened the door. Set ramp and apron.

A axis Office 2400 × 2000 steel window 9 worth mentioning, Dongshan wall set 2400 × 2400 window 2 worth mentioning, 3600 × 2400 window 1 worth mentioning.

ED axis (workshop and auxiliary room) located 4200 × 1400 window 3, 3000 × 1400 form 3, form 1 2400 × 1400, 1500 w in-opening double-doors 7 worth mentioning.

F axis 2400 × 1500 C-6 Windows counted 17 worth mentioning, East and west sides each have 2100 × 2400 window 1, 4-5-axis on the north side situated 1500 w 1 worth mentioning.

The workshop is located on the sidewalk (cable car maintenance costs) and cable ladders.

Second, from the elevation, Topas paint horizontal grid to form top, window sill, vertical axis by grid to position is vertical grid.

A window sill and sun visors.

Organized drainage condense in 3, 9 axis (double).

3. from the floor plan of 1-1 profile for ladder section, see the indoor and outdoor, Corbel top, track elevation, thin Web beams bottom surface elevation, door and window height and distance of the ground.

See the pillars with Corbels, the side shapes of crane beams shelving location, T-shape hoist beam shape and shelving, walking directions.

See-large roof tiles in h thin Web beams on the section and flowing gradient along the ditch node, drainage.

4. see six different slices of the node details.

①② as D, E expansion joint detail (A) 1Amplifying nodes; ③ gutter and shading; ④ shutter and canopy (Gate); ⑤ ramp, bulk water and drainage; ⑥ and low cross (D, E shaft) process node.

By P188, 189, 190-ping, Li, split three figure on the statistics frame specifications, quantity

Door width × high worth mentioning is worth mentioning the window width × height

MC11500×360010C-12400×1200

Shutter 3000 × 36002C-24200× 240044

C-52100×2400

C-61500×240017＋4

C-74200×24003

Interpretation structure construction drawing:

First, the structure description

1, structure (structure, materials and types; structural materials and specifications, the intensity level); 2, the Foundation and basis (including soil, endurance, etc); 3, construction of technical requirements and considerations; 4, selection of standard Atlas, etc.

Second, the structure layout plan

1. basic plane; 2, floor structure layout; 3, roof structure layout.

Third, the widget details

1, beams, plates, cylinder, basic structural details; 2, stairway structural details; 3, roof (roof) structure detail; 4, other detail, gutter, canopy, ring beam, lintel, window and door lintel, balcony, well well, flue pipes, etc.

Features:

1. along the horizontal housing dampproof sectioning representation of the underlying plan, each floor surface horizontal sectioning represents the various layers of floor structure plot along the roof-bearing layer of horizontal sectioning represents the roof structure plot.

2, with a single widget orthography to express widget detail, with its flat, elevations and sections, of the materials list, to a template, be embedded parts diagram. But this figure repeated many, is easy to make mistakes.

3, double proportional method of the widget details, component a proportional axes press, and members of local use magnification plot for clearer expression node construction size and travel section.

4-Shi, Widget, elevation, section contour with a fine or in solid lines indicate that the widget is used to configure the internal steel thick solid line and black spots.

5, guitar legend expression commonly used application.

1.2 reinforced concrete structure

1.RC structure basic knowledge ("S" structures (steel structure), and "RC" structure (reinforced concrete knot))

It consists of cement (325 # the following is the low grade, 425 # as a standard, 525 # the above is the high grade, high-strength cement as underwater), sand (water-sand) stones (particle size 300 ~ 500mm) and water (fresh water, not oil, acid, alkali, chemical medium) by a certain percentage of mixing, cast and become concrete.

Strength indicator is the side length is standard cube 150mm concrete blocks, in standard curing Chamber (temperature 20 ° c ± 3 ° c, relative humidity less than 90%) diameter 28-day maintenance, measured with a standard method for compressive strength of concrete strength, said, as C20 concrete as per cubic mm concrete in 20 times more damaging pressure not to be crushed, that is, to the concrete C20, 20N/mm2.

N/mm2-kilogram-force/sq. mm N/m2 — Newton per square meter (surface distribution of force).

Concrete strength grade total 12: low intensity — C7.5, C10, C15; structural concrete: C15, C20, C25, C30; high strength — C30, C35, C40 C45,; extra: C45, C60, C55, C50.

Equipped with reinforced concrete called RC, no gluten that plain concrete.

2. steel bar types and code: Ⅰ-level (i.e. Q235 light Park reinforced), ⅱ (16 MN herringbone pattern bars), grade ⅲ (25 MN Silicon herringbone pattern bars), Ⅳ-level (garden or twisted steel), Ⅴ level (reinforced).

Cold-drawn steel grade ⅰ ⅱ, cold-drawn steel grade ⅲ steel, cold drawn Ⅳ-steel, cold drawn steel wire.

Reinforced by role:

1, mechanical reinforcement: mainly under tensile stress (usually called the master gluten) role in bending and eccentricity region minutes straight bars and bars.

2. Stirrup: fixed position mechanical reinforcement, bear part of the stress for the diagonal beams and columns

3. frame vertical bars: fixed beam position, within the Stirrup constitute beams in reinforced skeleton, located in the upper part, centipede gluten.

4. distribution rib: used for plate (roof and floor) and the plate of reinforced vertical layout, will withstand the weight evenly to the loading bar, fixed position mechanical reinforcement, and assume the direction perpendicular to the plate across the shrinkage and thermal stress.

5. other: structural reinforcement, lumbar muscle, embedded anchor bars, rods, etc. Reinforcing steel bending hooks, semi Park hook, hook straight bend.

Reinforced by section diameter determines the number of times it's hooked area length

Such as: φ 12 hooks (6.25 + 3 + 2.5d) × 1.2 = 141mm (14.1cm).

Φ 10 hooks (6.25 + 3 + 2.5d) × 1.0 = 117.5mm (11.75cm).

Straight-curved hook usually straight bend up to thickness of 1/3.

Steel's lap length: by the force of joints should be staggered overlap bits, binding methods, its length must not be less than the 300mm or 30d; welding methods, length cannot be less than 500 mm or 30d, double-sided welding

Protective layer: beams, columns with a minimum thickness of 25mm; plate, wall minimum thickness of 10 ~ 15mm; beam by forcing rib spacing should not be smaller than a D or 25mm.
R > steel's lap method:

1. binding law; 2, welding; 3, Flash welding (contact welding) no hedging; 4, electroslag welding (ARC pressure welding) have set header; 5, conical threaded connection. Be able to connect 16 ~ φ φ 40 with the size and diameter, reinforcement than lashing (50d) savings: 5-8 times higher than ribs, than one splice arc welding (10d) saving 58 times, improve work efficiency; 6, 9 times the rolling screw thread reinforced mechanical connection; 7, sleeve-extrusion machine connection.

Lapped and quality, and cost are directly relevant to what is there, a 20-storey building that consumption of various types of steel for thousands of tons per ton of steel have hundreds of connectors, each connector quantity charge from $ 10 to selling by, you can imagine how much the cost of processing molding, lap? what technical, technological and construction methods can save much steel, auxiliary costs (electricity) labor cost?

As Figure 11-6 storey structure of plane

Arrangement of the figure (brief)

On the calculation:

First, the bathroom floor reinforced cast consumption of various diameter steel bar length, conversion weight.

Second, the kitchen room (calculated content ibid.).

Common garden steel conversion (section)

Diameter d (mm) theoretical weight (kg/m) diameter d (mm) theoretical weight (kg/m)

40.099161.578

50.154181.998

60.222202.446

80.395222.984

100.617253.85

120.888284.83

141.208305.55



Reinforcement replacement problem, design, supervision of owners of validation.

Structural floor plans (P196)

Indicates that the Widget building (beams, slabs, columns, etc) layout.

Floor structure plot expression: 1, each floor beams, slabs, columns, wall, load bearing members of a floor; 2. Description of each component of the position of the housing; 3, constructed between; 4, on-site installation and execution of construction.

Represents the method:

1. floor beam and slab on the various components in figure with "GB" (People's Republic of China industry standards) to GB GB construction standards, such as:

(GBJ83-85) the structural design of common symbols, units and basic terminology "

(GBJ9-87) the structural load code "

(GBJ10-89) of the concrete structure design code

(GBJ3-88) the masonry structure design code

(JGJ73-91) the construction or decoration engineering construction and acceptance of alternative (GBJ210-83) the decoration engineering construction and acceptance of 91.12.1 purposes

Quality inspection area

(GBJ300-88) the construction and installation standards for the quality inspection and assessment

(GBJ301-88), the architectural engineering construction quality inspection and assessment standards

(GBJ302-88), the heating and sanitation and gas engineering quality inspection and assessment of

(GBJ303-88) the electric installation works of quality inspection and assessment standards

(GBJ304-88), the ventilation and air-conditioning engineering, quality inspection and assessment standards

(GBJ310-88) the elevator installation engineering quality inspection and assessment standards

(GBJ201-83) of the earth-moving and blasting engimeerings "

(GBJ202-83) the Foundation and foundation engineering quality inspection and assessment standards

(GBJ203-83) the masonry construction quality inspection and assessment standards

(GB50204-92) the concrete structure project construction quality inspection and assessment standards

(GB50205-95) the steel structure project construction quality inspection and assessment standards

(GBJ206-83) the wood structure project construction quality inspection and assessment standards

(GB50207-94) of the roofing project specification

(GBJ208-83) the underground construction and acceptance of quality inspection and assessment standards

(GB50209-95) the building ground engineering construction and quality inspection and assessment standards

(JGJ94-94) the building Foundation technology specification

(JGJ18-96) of the weld and acceptance of

(T55-JGJ/96) the ordinary concrete mix design for "

(T98-JGJ/96) the masonry mortar mix design code

National is a national of, various industries have uniform standards, the construction industry's national standard on thousands, it includes design standards, technical regulations, construction and acceptance, the mandatory provisions, etc.

2. mandatory provisions to and international industry standards, the WTO is urgent, it includes: town and country planning, urban construction, buildings, industrial buildings, water resources engineering, electrical engineering, information engineering, transportation engineering, road construction, railway engineering, petroleum and chemical engineering, mining engineering, civil engineering, radio, film and TV projects, civil aviation airport projects, etc. Its prominent national and industry standards directly related to people's lives and property safety, physical health,Environmental protection and other public interests, taking into account the increasing economic benefit and social benefit. Violation of the mandatory provisions, the light is punished, and are subject to legal sanctions.

These standards, procedures, are engaged in building design, construction, to the final accounts, the supervisor must be familiar with and use.

Member detail

1, template: preparation, support; 2, reinforcement drawings: facade, cross section, reinforced detail; 3. embedded parts detail; 4, steel sheet (or material usage table).

Beams structural details (P199)

Column of structural details (P201)

L — 13500 + 3200 = 6700 shelved in column 1, 3, 4-axis; H300×B250.

Stress (main bar) 316-MN steel miter sheath

Stand up 2 φ 12

Bearing force-212

Stirrup φ 6 @ 200 supports @ 200

Column 400 × 400

Main bar 4 φ 20

Stirrup φ 8 @ 200

By P202 Figure 11-12 main beam reinforcement figure calculated steel quantity, weight: 1, A-B segment reinforced quantity, weight; 2, the total length of the steel quantity, weight; 3, according to the weight kg/m, the total conversion calculation of reinforced weight.

1.3RC structure construction drawing (P203)

Plane whole expression method

A complete, designer-led

1. Select the structure system; 2, identify the widget section size and materials; 3, load values and Statistics; 4, structure calculation; 5, calculation and experience on widget reinforcement; 6, draw the structure construction drawing (writing structure design description).

Second, the designers were guided through

1. each Member of the rebar lap length and anchor length values and General construction detail; 2, seismic structural beam hoop encrypted area; 3, beam load bars and clear span to determine the ratio of the length value.

Traditional RC structure construction drawing notation is often a large number of repeat, be regarded as the same value of repeat and repeat the regularity, with Designer-led and is guiding the design of duplicate content.

Plane whole expression method to correct the presentation of the traditional, by relying on a floor plan as a whole all the widget once clearly, make the structure design is convenient, the expression of the exact numeric only, comprehensive, and easy random fixes to improve design efficiency; construction pictures, memories, find convenient, consistent with the expression sequence, conducive to quality construction, which is preparing the budget and final accounts.

The structure of the layer to be represented as a plane beam reinforcement

1, note writing; 2, section method; 3, main and secondary beams intersecting points endorsement — see P202.

Columns and shear walls with end-of-plane reinforced — see Figure 11-15, and table 11-8P206.

Shear wall was constructed reinforcement.

Board representation.

Application plane whole expression method figure, beam-column joints should be numbered.

With regard to the common criteria figure

Figure 11-15 (P206) string of variable diameter 600 × 600-500 x 500-400 × 400

Reinforcement also adjusts the spacing of the stirrup, but based on the loading area.

1.4 Foundation construction drawing (P206)

The Foundation is building in direct contact with the soil, bear all the load of the upper part of the component, and the loads to the Foundation.

Foundation is the foundation of the soil, below the base of the weight of the entire building.

From indoor surface ± 0.000 to base bottom face height is called depth of the Foundation.

Common basis in the form of bar and independent.

Bar Foundation

Along the horizontal plane of the housing and moisture-resistant layer for the basic plane, following the principal elements of picture:

1, figure, ratio, aspect orientation axis and its number; 2 based layout, which is the foundation walls, columns and the underside of the shape, size and relationship with axis; 3, Foundation beam position and code; 4, sectional drawing of location and number sectioning (or note write basic code); 5, axis dimensions, basic size dimensions and position sizing; 6, construction description; 7, when the Foundation base elevation changes, should be in the vicinity of art corresponds to parts of the floor plan for a foundation pad layer of vertical profiles to represent the base elevation changes, and marked elevation of the floor.

Fine line in the diagram represents the foundation of the horizontal projection, coarse solid lines represent the foundation wall of the projection, big drop foot is omitted.

The main contents of the underlying detail

1, figure name (base code) ratio; 2, underlying sectional drawing of the axis and its number; 3, the base section shapes, sizes, materials and reinforced; 4, Foundation beams (or the Earth Ring beam) B H, and its reinforcement; 5, more basic cross-section dimensions and indoor and outdoor floors, Foundation layer bottom face elevation; 6, moisture-proof layer position and practices; 7, construction, etc.

Independent foundations

Industrial building or large and medium-sized civil buildings often using bent frame system load, the upper part of the load by post to the Foundation, in General, the pillars of the Foundation are separate, and therefore calls for an independent Foundation, and ensure that the framework for seismic, bent structure stability, integrity, often set to ring beam (CKC) put the whole building, even every layer set aspect of Wale and beams, keep the House have sufficient rigidity and strength.

Fine line represents the independent foundation of outer contour lines (i.e. cushion side), with thick solid line draw RC column shape section.

Figure 11-20 is an independent foundation in detail.

Detail in miningLocal profile manner in the floor plan in expression based mesh reinforcement.

Detail of dimensioning, positioning axes to base on the edge of the dimensions, the top and bottom of the Cup is long, wide, deep, detailed dimensions should be marked clearly.

Annotations based on top, bottom surface elevation.

Thin solid line indicates that the base outline, solid line indicates in rough plot visible contours, coarse solid line indicates that the bar.

1.5 steel structure (P211)

Steel structure is steel, hot-rolled section steel or cold molding of thin-walled steel manufacturing structure.

Mainly used for large-span structures, heavy plants, high-rise structure and high-rise buildings.

Materials by manufacturers according to standard specifications (model). Pad rolling, cold-formed in two ways:

Equilateral triangle angle B-b×d dimensions equal.

Scalene steel B-b dimensions.

I-beam Ⅰ Web thickness greater than flange.

Channel Web thickness greater than the wing tip.

Square of the height and size equal. □

Flat steel thickness varies by type.

T is the thickness of the plate.

Park/d is the diameter of the steel.

Pipe outside diameter d for 2004, t is the thickness.

The connection for steel structure: welding, riveting, bolt connections, high-strength bolt connection.

Welding by graphics symbol indicates that the text annotation. Dimensions Express by pin, the tail of the symbol at the end of the filling.

Welding quality is good or bad, is directly related to the structure of a solid and secure, so quality requirement emphasized: 1, welded lap length, and liner must comply with the national quality inspection specification; 2, Widget, welding, welding depth and length of the weld area requirements must meet the design requirements; 3, selection of welding materials (electrode) methods (welding, oxygen gas welding, welding, etc.) must be designed and approved by the triage of construction organization plan (construction plan or professional technology programme); 4, leg height must comply with quality standards.

Learn about welding of graphic symbols, standard method for example and detailing and dimensioning.

Steel roof truss structure detail

Is expressed in the form of a steel roof truss, size, type, Member, connection method, as the metal structure plant or construction units produced. By: 1, roof Guard (also known as the roof truss schematic); 2, roof detail (including elevation and node); 3, bar detail; 4, connection plate detail; 5. embedded parts detail; 6, steel usage table; 7, instructions, etc.

Detail content including

1. in the detail of the left or upper right corner, to draw a frame diagrams (also called geometric dimensions, force), the expression of the main external dimension, Member of the axis length. When trapezoidal roof which span greater than 24m, triangle roof truss span greater than 15m, during manufacturing should arch, Arch to span of 1 500 points, its proportion of common 1: 100 or 1: 200.

2, roof detail parts, paint elevation and plan of upper and lower chord, the necessary detail, side bars-jointed Panel details, detailed reading 11-25.

3, detail usually use two scale, of the bars and part size with 1: 10, 1: 15. More expression node and details. The axis length is 1: 20, 1: 30 or smaller scale.

4. in structural details, in particular, shall take part in the location bar and note all the dimensions. Web members should note a rod end-node-centric distance, gusset plates should note upper and lower sides to chord's axis distance and left to pass the vertical distance from the center of the node.

5. material table should set out the number of bars and parts, size and quantity (the difference between positive and negative), weight, etc., in this order to work out the weight of the entire pin roof truss.

6, instructions should include: the use of steel, Rod type and quality requirements, processing precision, there is no heat treatment and construction requirements, and diagrams are not annotated in the weld and hole size, paint, transportation and other requirements.

Figure 11-25 a map point (P215)

1. This is a painting of steel roof truss 21m across half a corner pin details, has a geometric dimensions and inner figure, a top chord of the cut-in contact welding schematic (3), an upper and lower chord ends gusset plates (21) detail, a bottom chord ends positioning plate node detail (22), a bottom chord truss anchor bolts pad (23) node detail.

2, the figure of half-pin facade and upper and lower chord of the plane and in Web members of facade.

3. This PIN steel roof with welded and bolted connections, all nodes with nodes force plates, pads, double liner lap, bolts anchoring.

4, in detail, there are five callout

(1) this figure node detail marking; (2) there is a hole dimension; (3) the legend graphic symbols callout annotations; (4), welding method annotation; (5) bar, accessories, liner dimensions, connection method.

21m steel roof truss structures table (P215)

This is the figure 11-25 anatomical structure component, remove the bones of a Sparrow to read method for easy future preparation of steel structure of the budget.

Strand 1, winding angle iron double spelling

Strand 2, double-spell angle of bottom chord:

Welding wire strands 3, wind shear leg angle

Strand 4, the following string in the connection angles

Welding 5, the first interval oblique lever angle

Welding 6, second interval oblique lever angle

Welding 7, the third section of the main lever angle

Welding 8, third interval tie rod angle

Welding 9, third and fourth sections down herringbone main pole angle

Welding of 10, the third and fourth interval main diagonal lever angleR>
Weld angle iron 11, lever

Welding 12, Purlin connections angle

Welding wire 13, upper and lower chord hold end connection plate

Welding wire 14, the first interval brace and winding connection plate (and 9 with)

Welding wire 15, the second section of the main lever and winding connection plate

Welding wire 16, two top chord and the lever, three or four main brace interval 10 connection plate

Welding wire 17, main brace and 8 (tie rod) 9 (down the main lever) connection plate

Welding wire strand 18, bottom chord and first and second interval brace (5, 6) connection plate

Welding wire 19, bottom chord and three or four interval brace (7, 10) connection plate

Welding wire 20, bottom chord and lever connection plate

Welding under 21, and U-shaped strings end plate (detail)

Welding 22, bottom chord ends the connection plane (and columns or concrete pillar to embedded parts connection plate)

Welding wire 23, bottom chord pad for fastening China Division

Welding 24, wind strengthening Weldment (4 × 2 = 8)

Welding 25, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 (one, two, three interval) oblique, horizontal, lever to strengthen Weldment (8 × 2 = 16 pieces)

Welding 26, bottom chord strengthen Weldment (5 × 2 = 10 pieces)

Welding 27, lever to strengthen Weldment (2 pieces)

Welding 28, third and fourth interval main brace strengthen Weldment (2 × 2 = 4)

Note 3: the General civil engineering construction estimates

Before the adoption of the words: "of course building architecture, we basically know of a house built, in addition to the Foundation is part of the load bearing structures, House to the Foundation or basement, wall, or columns, beams and slab floors and floors, stairs and vertical traffic facilities, roof, doors and Windows, and other structural elements.

With the era of progress and construction industry, building, constructed in a corresponding change from wood, brick, gradually developing into brick, mixed structure to reinforced concrete (RC) structure, which has columns, beams, plates of RC structures and steel structures.

In the context of the civil construction drawing of the reading of the figure. We basically know that a building is built, it is first necessary to have design. Only after the trial, after approval of the technical design, to construction drawing design.

Construction drawing is building out a blueprint for the design of the entity, its construction. To civil construction, combined with water supply, sewerage, drainage, electricity, power, heating, ventilation and air-supply specialized trades, completion of a building.

In order to have a plan for the control of construction investment, construction, therefore, must be in accordance with the design before preparing design estimates, project budget, until the final project settlement,.

Preparation of estimates, the budget is an important basis for identifying the initial construction blueprints, we make clear building construction drawing (built Shi), including the content and scope, structure construction drawing (-Shi), the content and scope.

Read blueprints of the method and sequence should grasp the essentials and skills.

Read blueprints to flat, vertical and combined with a detailed profile, structure calculation, press each sub-project of the removal of bone statistical materials consumption.

This combination is the construction project budget, Project calculates the portion of the course.

Architectural characteristics of the product, and other industrial products:

1. structure of the form; 2, decoration level vary; 3, construction material consumption; 4, construction period is not the same; 5, the influence of climatic conditions; 6, construction place hydro-geological conditions.

Identify each of the construction product shall be based on:

1, design documents and technical programmes; 2 and grade of quality building products; 3, use the feature difference; 4, other special requirements.

For its price (i.e. the total cost) for the specific, detailed calculations.

Project budget is calculated and determine the total cost of the proposed project's technology economy. National provisions of each project must — be budgeted cost; preliminary design — preparing design estimates; spread initial design — preparing amendments to the budget; construction drawing design — the preparation of the budget of construction drawings.

A single project to complete 1, should be prepared: project settlement; 2, the final accounts.

1.1 construction project budget classification:

First, according to the project's construction by classification

① construction project budget estimates (design proposal) — this is the basis for controlling the project investment, you can choose the optimal design for bidding.

② construction budget — determine project cost, signed a project contracts, are settled on the basis of the progress of the project, the Bank allocated pursuant to paragraph.

③ construction budget — the contractor's internal budget, control costs, spending, "three contrast" purchasing, the basis for issuing the job plan.

④ project settlement — as a single project, unit engineering, Division of engineering, or sub-item project completion settlement basis construction price, the cost of control engineering. Due to the construction of a local change occurs, increase or decrease in the workload, adjusting the price difference, the irresistible, the settlement is variable, there is room for adjustment.

⑤ final accounts — a reflection of the whole construction projects all the actual construction cost of the technical and economic preparation by the contractor, the contracting party audit (supervising party triage or audit), audit validation as the accounts for the completion of the purchase price.

Second, as the building project budget crafted object classification

① unit project budget, the preparation of consolidated budget of the Foundation; ② other engineering and cost budget — building works, Equipment and installations, other such as land, crop and other compensation, placement assistance, construction management, production staff training, try running costs; ③ individual engineering comprehensive budget; ④ construction project budget estimates.

From planning to completion and acceptance of delivery of all expenditures, total files.

III. classification by engineering specialty properties

Construction, installation, municipal, antique, gardening, and other professional development.

1.2 general civil engineering construction budget basis, method of

1. methodology:

① According to triage of construction drawings and construction design; ② press engineering calculation rules, calculations, sub-project of engineering; ③ form existing budget fixed or unit valuation table; ④ calculation, the total fixed amount in direct costs and quantity; ⑤ fixed in accordance with the existing fee (local) other direct costs, indirect costs, plan for profit, tax, summarize it project cost.

II. role:

① determine the construction and installation engineering cost basis; ② is signed project contracts, the basis for project settlement; ③ is construction Bank – the basis for the construction price; ④ is the construction units to strengthen enterprise management, improve economic accounting.

III. basis:

① Summary of construction drawings, triage; ② construction organization plan (scheme); ③ budget quota (or unit valuation table); ④ labor, materials, mechanical fixed rent price and fees; ⑤ budget work manual; ⑥ project contract or agreement.

General civil engineering construction budgeting and steps

A, unit method

1. collection, familiar with construction drawing budget information; 2, calculate the finishing engineering; 3, calculation and summary direct costs; 4, quantity and total quantity total volume; 5, calculate fees and total project cost; 6, write the description: including project profiles, as well as the basis, triage, design changes, claims, etc., the confirmation of provisional estimates; 7, review, binding and signature for approval.

Second, the physical method

1. collection, familiar with construction drawings and construction organization plan and other information; 2, computing and engineering; 3, the unit works quantity and quantity; 4, calculations and summaries of the direct costs; 5, calculate fees and total project cost; 6, preparation instructions; 7, review, binding, signature and approval.

Third, physical law and differences in the unit price method:

1. calculation of the direct costs of different — — single calculations easy for economic analysis and comparisons; false calculates the cumbersome, but can dynamically reflect building product prices, in line with the law of value.

2. for the purpose of the quantity of different — — single-price adjustment to provide data; it is accurate, complete verification unit project direct costs, analysis and calculation of the amount of all the machines.

Have different characteristics that apply to manually compile budget, but is available to prepare your computer as it stores a large number of full price information system.

Current common software are:

Luban software LubanSoft Shanghai Lu Ban software co., Ltd — — Luban calculated amount, Luban budget, the cost of College.

Beijing Hao Li Hai technology development co., Ltd.: FIDIC enterprise management system platform (FIDIC).

1.3 construction and installation engineering fees cost components (see "China engineering consulting" 2001.11 period)

Construction costs by nature of their charges are divided into direct project costs, indirect costs, plan for profit and tax of four parts.

1. direct project costs: construction costs in the project entity fees

(1) direct costs: labor costs, A, B, C, materials, construction mechanical royalties.

(2) other direct costs: A, winter, construction increased fees, rainy season B, night time increasing fees, C, materials second cartage, D, instrument usage, E, productivity tools, gear inspection fees, F, G, test fees, training fees, special project H, engineering position repetition, projects points to, site clean-up costs, such as I, special area construction increased fees.

(3) onsite expenses:

A temporary facility fee.

B, site management, including:

A, site management, salary, wages and other benefits, workers ' welfare and labour protection, etc.

B, the maintenance, onsite water, electricity, water, heating, etc.

C, travel travel: official travel, family travel, recruitment, work-related injury medical transportation, site traffic transfer, oil, fuel, maintenance, licence fees, etc.

D, fixed fees, equipment, equipment depreciation, maintenance, repair or lease payment, etc.

E, tools, appliances, use (non-fixed assets) such as office equipment, transport, inspection, testing, and mapping and fire control configuration, maintenance and amortization.

F, insurance, construction and property, vehicle insurance, high-altitude, underground, marine work and other special types of insurance.

G, engineering warranty costs, completion of delivery, the warranty of repair costs.

H, construction charges.

I and other costs.

2. indirect costs: not directly caused by the construction process, and the overall condition of the project, as Ken production service fees.

(1) enterprise management costs — A, enterprise managers base pay, wages and other benefits, according to the provisions of the standards for workers ' welfare; B, travel expenses, C, D, maintenance, and repair costs depreciation; E, tools, equipment, usage; F; G Trade Union funds, workers ' education funding; H, labour insurance; I, pension and unemployment insurance premiums; J, insurance, business insurance, managementVehicle insurance; K, tax, Enterprise according to the rules of real estate tax, vehicle and vessel usage tax, land tax, stamp duty, etc.; L, other, including land use, technology transfer, technology development, business, hospitality, sewage, green fees, advertising costs, notary fees, legal fees, audit fees, consulting fees, etc.

(2) the financial costs — enterprise to raise funds for various fees, including the business during the short-term loan interest net expenditures, total net loss, fees, and other financial institutions.

(3) other expenses — required to pay the cost of project (fixed) management sector norms establishment fee, fixed labor quota departments, as well as the determination of the fees paid to higher authorities in accordance with the regulations relating to the sector of management fees, etc.

3. plan for profit: in accordance with the provisions included in construction and installation the project cost profits, according to different sources of investment or project categories, plan profit differentiation interest. implementation

4. taxes: refers to the national tax law provisions included in construction and installation the project cost in business tax, urban and rural maintenance and construction tax and education expenses surtax.

1.4 engineering calculation of general method

1. What is engineering?

To physical measurement units or the natural unit of measure representing sub-item project or structural elements of the physical quantity plus M3, M2, M, T (t), etc.

① When L, B, H, of dimensions not fixed as the unit of measure commonly used in M3, like Earth, concrete, masonry, etc.

② When L, B, H has a fixed size, and the other two frequently change, the unit of measure commonly used in M2, floor, roof waterproofing layer, interior wall plastering, exterior wall veneer, etc.

③ When L, B, H two dimensions fixation, the other dimension changes often, common M to metrics, such as stairs, railings, handrails, etc.

④ When objects volume is small, the weight difference is large, common T-units of measurement. If bulk cement, sand, stone, lime, etc.

⑤ Unable to physical units of measure units with natural property, called natural metering unit, such as a, and sets, groups, etc.

2. the calculation of general method

The key is a calculation of order issue, you can improve the calculation speed and quality, to reduce and eliminate the understatement, leakage, very much too small, double-counting of errors.

From basic to body, from structure to decoration, from the main Division works to the secondary Branch works, step by step. This is the order by construction.

Common calculation order

① to clockwise; ② press after the first horizontal, vertical, the first after the first on the left-right order calculation; ③ press axis numbering sequences from outside to inside, from left to right, bottom-up approach; ④ press structural members numbered sequentially compute, beams, plates, cylinder, special components for the order.

3. the calculation of general principles

① calculate diameter to be consistent; ② calculation units to be consistent; ③ calculation rule to match.

Attention:

① adopt "project account book" unified specifications; ② formula should indicate parts of the map, and axis numbering, easy check; ③ calculation accuracy, count to 2 decimal places, steel, wood, precious materials can be three digits after the decimal point, and the remainder are rounded; ④ formula size order should be consolidated, width (B) × height (H) × (L); ⑤ account book manuscript to neat, clear, digital clarity, avoid hasty punctuation confused, read.

4. the calculation of the main rules

National unity in 1995.

GJD-101-95 national unification architectural engineering Foundation fixed quantity (civil engineering)

GJDGZ-101-95 national unification architectural engineering budget engineering calculation rules

Provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in the unity of the country, on the basis of the applicable regional budget fixed and engineering calculation rules.

Recently (Chongqing) is reforming traditional "benchmark" mode, try out the quantities.

The Ministry also 2001.11.5 purposes "the architectural engineering construction contract and contract pricing management approach"

1.5 detailing the sub-project engineering calculation
A, area calculation
Construction area mean building at all levels of the sum of the horizontal projection area. Countries as the number of calculation and control the scale of construction. Design units with flat area of technical and economic indicators to assess the merits of the design, such as unilateral cost. Construction units per year, the number of completion of the construction area, to express the results of its work.
Therefore in the preparation and review of budget work, correct calculation of the gross area is very important.
(A) the scope of the calculated area
(1) single buildings regardless of height, according to a calculation, its building area is feet above outside wall-structured surface area calculation level.
Note that the outer surface of the structure, not including painting, veneer and exterior decoration.
(2) and with cross-storey, when high cross-boundary cross, Le feet at both ends of the gable on the external surface of the horizontal length more than on foot by multiplying Le wall surface to high cross-column horizontal width outside line; when the high cross-across, Le feet above the outer surface of the ends of the Gables horizontal length multiplied by the horizontal column width outside line.
(3) building, by the sum of each area, the first floor above the wall-foot level in the area of external structures. The second layer and above the level of the external perimeter, area calculation, if two or three layers to the outer or inner debt overhang, i.e. horizontal area.
(4) basement, semi basement, underground workshops, warehouses, shops, underground headquarters, and the entrance area of the upper estuary wall (not including the lighting well, moisture and protection wall after) the level of surface area calculation.
(5) with deep foundation for the use of underground and overhead layer, layer high above, aerial 2.2m layer perimeter level area of 1/2.
(6) land buildings made by suspending the use of overhead layer, layer, high over 2.2m envelope of peripheral level area calculation.
(7) indoor channel, hallway, Hall, irrespective of its height, according to a calculation, hallway, Hall corridors parts according to its horizontal projection area calculation.
(8) library press shelf tier computing. Put on the shelf layer refers to the layer number of shelves, non-Bookshelf number of layers draped over the book.
(9) the elevator shaft, extracts of wells, well-rubbish road, pipelines are calculated by building natural layers.
(10) of the envelope of stage lighting control room, according to the wall perimeter level area multiplied by the actual number of tiers.
(11) equipment, pipe layers, Stow on the technology layer, layer high over the area should be evaluated when 2.2m.
(12) there is a column by column canopy, the calculation of the external level, independent of the level of the roof awning projected area of 1/2.
(13) there is a pillar of the shed, booths, platform, and so on-column peripheral level area; single-row columns, independent columns shed, booths, platform, and so on-top of horizontal projection area of 1/2.
(14) highlight the roof of a building envelope of staircases, water tanks, elevator room as per envelope peripheral level area calculation.
(15) outdoor enclosure doors have bucket, splendid rooms, watching the elevator, balcony, kitchen, portico, corridor chosen, according to the wall perimeter level area calculation.
(16) No envelope of balcony and balcony, according to its level of 1/2. Sometimes concave balcony area calculation by horizontal projection.
(17) outdoor column and top cover of the corridor along the corridors as calculate the perimeter level area; and a covered without the projected area of 1/2.
(18) between the two buildings there is the top cover of the elevated corridor, the press gallery of horizontal projection area calculation. No cover for the calculation of 1/2.
(19) outdoor stairs as the primary evacuation channels are the first tier level projection area; indoor outdoor staircase stairs, according to their level of projected area of 1/2.
(20) across other buildings, structures of elevated storey, according to its horizontal projection area calculation, more layers are calculated according to the number of layers.
(2) excluding the construction area of range
(1) highlight parts of the wall and the art deco-line, such as a column, stack, Le foot, step, railway terminals, plastering, glued lumber, etc.
(2) maintenance, fire and other outdoor climbing ladder.
(3) storey is less than the technology layer, 2.2m storeroom and deep Foundation land aerial layer, ground floor building, crane feet overhead layer.
(4) structures, such as independent chimney, flue, tanks, towers, oil (water) silo, pool, Park, underground air defense lines, extensions, etc.
(5) the exterior of the operating platform, loading platform and take advantage of building space settlement tank tank platform.
(6) no support structure of the roof, flower stand, gazebo, etc.; stage and backstage hanging curtains and scenery of the flyover, pick one.
(7) within a single building, separated by the operations control room, single room between the instrument and so on.
(8) the building width greater than 300 mm expansion joint, settlement joint.
Second, earthwork
(A) the separation of Earth and stone artificial Earth and machinery.
1. The earthwork: ① familiar with fixed items, including a flat site, excavation, backfill and earth-moving and sub-item project; ② understanding of soil, rock, soil humidity and groundwater elevation. According to the engineering geological exploration reports determine soil types. Calculation of dry soil respectively and the amount of wet soil engineering; ③ know excavation and fill the earth-moving, drainage construction method; ④ identify digging fill starting point elevation; ⑤ other relevant information.
2. artificial flat site — indoor venue earth floor elevation ± 300 within the in-place insert drilling leveling (soil thickness not exceeding 300mm).
3. manual digging — depending on soil type, construction methods, respectively:
① dig trough (Groove) — the width in the tank bottom, grew up in 3m slot to slot width 3 times the amount of digging.
No slope not supported stalls soil, slope and remain face, retaining soil plates and the left face, the cushion upper surface slope.
② digging trenches — hang long and less than 3 times the width of pits, pit bottom area within the 20m2 (does not include the widening of face).
Rectangular non-slope-earthwork = bottom length, width and depth.
Rectangle-slope-earthwork = bottom long, wide, deep and face width, slope coefficient and pit four corners of a pyramidal volume.
Circular on sloping pit
Circular on sloping pit
③ digging — tank bottom width in 3m above, or the pit bottom area above the 20m2 or flat ground soil thickness above the 30cm are digging.
④ man-power digs the hole pile-earthwork pile basal area multiplied by the design of pile centerline depth calculations.
4. artificial backfill
① Base slot, pit fill-slot (pit) = base slot (pit)-designed outdoor terrace following backfill m3 excavation m3 build (configuration) build of buried portion of m3.
② indoor backfill – indoor backfill (± m3) = main walls (net area) × backfill (thickness) — various channel (m3)
③ shipped in Earth-fixed by artificial Earth-moving, two-wheeled vehicle 200m distance earth-moving prepared by 500m distance.
Earth-moving digging project volume = the total volume of the total volume of backfill.
If in the formula evaluates to a positive value indicates that the remaining soil, marine is negative, a soil backfill.
(2) machinery digging
1. According to the type of earth-moving machinery, soil types, different transport distance to m3, respectively.
☆ Bulldozer distance of gravity by excavated area to fill area focus of straight-line distance calculations.
☆ Scrapers by digging, unloading of gravity zones plus steering distance 45m calculation.
☆ Dump truck by digging, fill in the minimum distance calculation of gravity zones, consider the slope coefficient.
2. in the implementation machinery earthwork fixed, you should be aware that:
① push, shovel soil thickness average less than 300mm, push the rent amount multiplied by the coefficient 1.25 shovel, multiplied by 1.17.
② excavator on the pads, fixed artificial, mechanical multiplied by the coefficient 1.25 paving slabs, the materials, auxiliary of rent should be real.
③ push, shovel, without the accumulation of soil compaction, according to a fixed project multiplied by the coefficient 0.73 calculation.
④ mechanical mining soil, dead ends need artificial excavation, of which 10% of the Earth volume by artificial artificial excavation, multiplied by a factor of 2 (requirement class work example 1, example 2).
III. Foundation project
Calculation of the amount of pile foundation works with the following information you should know prior to
1. fixed project Division, beating to the system RC piles, prefabricated RC piles lengthening, playing (drill) bored piles, etc.
2, determine soil level, as described in table 4-7 soil identification sheet.
Size 3, piling, small works of artificial, mechanical usage by the corresponding calculation fixed multiplied by coefficients 1.25.
4, pile construction method, process, use of models, pile, soil, mud in the distance.
5. other relevant information
(A) call to the system RC piles, according to the formula, P98 description job title:
A project called precast RC square piles (400 × 400), 621-root, design length 12m. There are 321 root as designed sent to pile, lengthening 4m, press play precast RC piles P98 formula calculation, the RC workload does not belong to the small piling and therefore do not consider 1.5% piling attrition rate.
1、（12+0.5）×0.04×0.4=2m3×621=1242m3
2、(4+0.5)×0.4×0.4=0.72m3×321=231.12m3
3、1242+231.12=1473.12m3
(Ii) about the pile and pile
(3) call (drill) bored pile
1. press the design requirements of length (including pile tip without deduction of pile tip virtual volume) multiplied by the steel pipe outside diameter surface area to the hoop cubic computing.
2. precast pile tip with steel pipe buried under the pile Spire project by pile surface to the top of the pile length multiplied by the outer diameter steel pipe couplings to cubic metre section area.
3. in order to expand the pile diameter, raising piles and complex, with its single pile volume also multiplied by the number of complex beats. Complex playing 1st multiplied by 2, complex beats 2 multiplied by 3. The number of complex hit by construction drawing design requirements.
4. the drill hole pours into the pile of work volume, according to the design of pile length (including pile tip, without deduction of pile tip virtual volume) increase 0.25m multiplied by design section area calculation in cubic metres.
5. onsite pile, fixed material consumption, all include filling factor and material loss.
6. reinforcing cage production according to the corresponding project to tons.
(4) man-power digs the hole pile, should calculate excavation earth-moving, excavation pile wall (brick or concrete walls), steel cage, pile-concrete construction amount, set the appropriate quota.
Fourth, masonry
Including brick, masonry two segments, fixed in base, wall, pillar, wall jointing, and other masonry, etc.
(A) Basic project
1. basis of the dividing line of the wall
(1) within the same materials, design for the ground (a basement to basement floors to Territories) for wall (column), the following as a basis.
(2) different materials, in the design of the ground, within ± 300mm according to different material as boundaries, exceeding ± 300mm in order to design a demarcation line within the ground.
(3) Masonry fence to design an outdoor terrace for dividing line, as the basis, on the wall.
2. standard brick masonry calculated thickness
-1/4, 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, wall thickness
— — 53mm, 115, 180, 240, 365, 490, 615, 740 calculated thickness (mm)
3. brick Bar Foundation engineering calculation
Embedded base of RC structure column, and the Foundation ring beams as well as through the area at the entrance of 0.3m3 above and so the volume should be deducted. But embedded base reinforced, iron, pipes, Foundation tide level and the volume is not deductible. But wall heating Groove's pick tiles will not increase.
Masonry base length: exterior wall constructed according to the wall center line length calculation; interior wall jamb by interior walls constructed net long-term calculations. Big drop foot t-shaped junction of overlapping part without deduction. See Figure 4-41
Classroom jobs (cases) P100
4, independent brick pillar project calculation
The calculation of the m3. Perform brick Foundation fixed quantity.
Classroom jobs (example 1) P102
A standard brick pillar base section size is the height of the column base 365mm×240mm 3.25mm, Foundation for the three big drop foot brick Foundation, when using three layers, and other high-and height-two large drop foot masonry, try to note the single column base quantities, look-up table 4-1
0.365×0.240×(3.25+0.9673)=0.369m3
0.365×0.240×(3.25+0.8136)=0.356m3
Classroom jobs (cases) calculation Figure 4-37P96
1. concrete construction amount of bedding: 3.8 + 0.32 = 4.12m3
2, brick base quantity: 21.54 + 2.72 = 24.26m3
3. Geosphere beam concrete construction amount: 0.24 × 0.24 × [(9 + 6) × 2 + (9-0.24) + (6-0.24 × 2)] = 2.55m3
(B) of the brick wall
Divided into Interior and exterior wall, fixed wall thickness, provided by mortar type and strength of different calculation in m3.
Length: 1, brick wall, according to the center lineInterior on-net long-term calculations.
Brick wall thickness: 2, should be based (table 4-9) fixed to the required standard brick wall thickness as standard. Masonry thickness should be the actual specification and design of brick thickness.
3. brick wall height — according to the calculation of the internal, external, respectively:
Exterior wall-flat roof has picked along, gutter, parapet respectively. (Figure 4-45, 46, 47, 48, 49); interior height; gable (Figure 4-49).
4. determine the deductible and should be incorporated into the volume:
Should be deducted from the door and window openings, empty circle, extraordinary cave and a single area of the hole above the 0.3m2 share volume, embedded in the walls of RC-column and beam (including ring beams, girders, beams), brick flat spin, brick lintel, heating package niches and Interior plate head size.
Without deduction of beam head, exterior wall panels, Purlin heads, pad cord wood, wood, wood along oak, brick, window and door go head, brick wall of reinforced, wood, iron, steel and area in occupies 0.3m2 following holes.
Real out wall window tiger head brick, window and door series, the top line, Gables flashing, chimney root and three leather tiles within the waist line and choose along the equal volume, has been in the preparation of the quota, so the calculation of the wall is no longer considered quantities.
5. framework-brick wall (also known as the fender or wall): according to the framework between the clearance area multiplied by wall thickness to m3, laying brick between frames or into foreign frames masonry engineering calculation, set the appropriate quota.
6, brick walls: should different types of wall thickness, mortar, and strength calculation with cubic meters. Set the appropriate quota.
(3) the brick column
Press the icon size to m3, according to different Zhou perform the appropriate quota.
(4) the empty bucket wall, empty flower wall and wall
Empty bucket wall bucket sleeping form, the quantity consumed, by dimension to m3, reference the corresponding fixed.
Empty flower wall press dimensions to m3, fixed by reference to the occasional masonry.
Wall to dimensions, should be deducted from the m3 and doors, the volume, if filler and fixed different allows conversion to other unchanged.
Block walls and masonry.
(5) other brick masonry
1. brick pot, and cooking — to m3, without deduction of empty volume.
Step 2, a brick — press the horizontal projection area (not including the ladder tape) to calculate m2.
3. brick check well and septic tank — regardless of the wall thickness is calculated, the implementation of the corresponding m3 fixed.
4, isolated masonry – according to the actual calculation of masonry to m3, performing occasional masonry fixed. If toilet pissing, cement leg light boxes, bins, step or ladder with retaining wall, flower terraces, huachi, Ridge wall, or in its brick Pier, House chimney, roof overhead insulation brick Pier and stone walls and doors vertical edge, window sill tiger head brick and other entities.
5, brick trench — regardless of jamb, wall, stone trench m3 calculated according to the center line length to extend m.
6, brick ping update, ping brick lintel – according to the diagram to m3 calculation:
Ping update from both ends by doors and Windows opening width multiplied by the total combined 100mm height (hole less than 1500mm, height 240mm, greater than 1500mm, height 365mm) calculation.
Flat brick over the entrance door and window beam width according to the total combined with both ends, height according to 500mm 440mm calculation, perform the appropriate quota, respectively.
(6) long stone wall
Stone wall, stone wall with bricks, coarse material stone walls, fine material, the entire stone stone — are illustrated to m3, stone wall in brick sections (for doors and Windows, edge, more tiger head brick, etc.) a separate calculation, perform isolated masonry fixed.
In vivo reinforced masonry — should be based on the design requirements of the model, size, perform the calculation in tons of RC branch corresponding fixed.